|
|
 |
|
|
|
|
36. Although it may appear at first sight that comparatibility and standardization are the same thing, we see an important difference between the two concepts. Two things can be comparable but not standardized. You can compare an education at Harvard with an education at the local community college, for example, because you know that in general a lot more resources are pumped into Harvard and outcomes tend to be different because of the homogeneity of backgrounds. In this case, one would be high on the comparability side of standardization but low on the standardization side: no exact metric exists for the differences. If you then subject all students to a single standardized test, you have to measure comparability to provide standardization (and in the case of comparing educational systems, this is both politically and organizationally complex and fraught). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
37. The NIC principal investigators maintain that at present there is effectively no scientific nursing knowledge: it is only with the creation and maintenance of a stable classification system that the groundwork will have been done to make such knowledge attainable. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
38. Personal communication. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
39. From a talk given at the Program for Cultural Values and Ethics, University of Illinois, December 1993. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
40. See Michael Lynch's (1984) work on turning up signs in neurological diagnosis for an example of the inexhaustible discretion and improvisation in every human activity--the study of which has been a major contribution of ethnomethodology and phenomenology. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
41. See Wagner (1993), Egger and Wagner (1993), Gray et al. (1991), and Strong and Robinson (1990). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
42. Strauss et al. (1985) call this activity articulation work. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
43. One of their arguments is that the truth of a memory is constructed in discourse in social settings and so is never fixed for all time. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
44. Notes taken at Iowa intervention project meeting of 8 June 1995. (Hereinafter IIP 6/8/95.) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
45. This is clearly a reference to Thompson's classic (1967) "Time, Work Discipline and Industrial Capitalism." It is questionable of course whether all nursing has ever been thought of as process, just as industrial work has often had its rhythmic side (the cycles of boom and bust in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, for example). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
46. The translations from Comte's French are Bowker's. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
47. Such a way of thinking is common in art, myth, and literature--especially in surrealist art and multivocal fiction and film--and in aspects of feminist and race-critical theory. |
|
|
|
|
|