[Xmca-l] Re: Cultural historical

Thu Mar 22 14:39:58 PDT 2018

(Welcome back, Peter--great to see you back in form. I still remember your
fine presentation at ISCAR last summer, and the dinner which followed, when
we both ignored the food and stuffed our mouths with words instead....)

My grandma always said that God made mouths for eating and not for talking.
I was still chewing over your last one--the one about the relationship
between unconscious forms of activity like speaking and their more
conscious and deliberate ones (like speaking a second or third language)
when yesterday, Jiwon, one of my freshmen, tried to account for the fact
that Korean (which is an isolate apparently unrelated to other languages)
has the bilabial nasal sonarant /m/ for mother and the bilabial stop /p/
for father just as English does. She came up with a version of Vygotsky's
theory of how gesture arises in the child: i.e. it is not that mothers
teach children or that children teach mother but rather some random event
in the environment is exapted for the purpose of communication. This seemed
a perfectly relevant reply to your query, and I am passing it on to you.
Please remember that it is the work of a brillian young aspiring liinguist
who is not yet twenty years old.

The problem with assuming that the evolutionary advantags conferred
by communication "outweighed" or "overcame" the disadvantages of choking on
your dinner is something I call "innaissance": a built-in methodological
innocence of its own bias to innatism.  For example, the last Lieberman
paper I read (circa 1991, when I first started taking Vygotsky seriously)
argued that early man must have had universal grammar as soon as stone
tools were being sliced from long blocks of flint instead of made
piecemeal. This strikes me as far fetched: stone is stone, and sound waves
are not. I think this far-fetchedness comes from a dogmatic interpretation
of evolution, one I would associate with the "Selfish Gene" and Dawkins:
the only thing that could have produced the idea of tools for tools is a
genetic predisposition in that direction, which would also predispose us to
making signs for signs. I think this will also be true of the
archaeological evidence that Andy is pining for: whatever we find, it will
be biased towards a hereditarian explanation. The fact that children left
alone can create something that looks very much like language seems far
more significant to me (see my article in Early Years, referenced below).

I think Darwin himself would have preferred a less dogmatic interpretation
of his theory, one I would associate with exaptation and Gould. In this
interpretation it is indeed possible for mutations that are
"non-adaptative" and inexpedient to last a very long time, and this is what
allows truly complex structures to emerge. This is true at the level of
phylogenesis--it is how a swim bladder evolves into a lung, or a light
sensitive nerve ending becomes an eye. But it is far more true at the level
of sociogenesis, when practices that are currently inexpedient for survival
turn out to have some other purpose that people prize and may or may not
have affordances for a better world. One example would be female genital
mutilation, scarification, and infibulation: it's very inexpedient in terms
of sexual pleasure and even survival, but in Sudan where I lived people
prized it as a kind of rite of passage, demonstrating the ability and
willingness to endure childbirth (the female equivalent of being a boy
scout). In our own society, for the last hundred years or so, the ability
to reproduce has begun to occur earlier and earlier (because of good diet)
while the ability to actually produce gets later and later (because of
education). This isn't adaptative as society is currently constituted, for
the same reason that Facebook is not. But it COULD be highly adaptative in
some better society than the one we live in, and that's how dreams come
true.

Maybe even evolutionary history is composed of "ifs"?

David Kellogg
Sangmyung University

Recent Article in *Early Years*

The question of questions: Hasan’s critiques, Vygotsky’s crises, and the
child’s first interrogatives
<https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09575146.2018.1431874>

Free e-print available at:
https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/6EeWMigjFARavQjDJjcW/full

On Thu, Mar 22, 2018 at 11:52 PM, Peter Feigenbaum [Staff] <
pfeigenbaum@fordham.edu> wrote:

> Colleagues,
>
> Apropos this discussion, there is a major turning point in human evolution
> that is worthy of attention with respect to the development of language,
> and that is the development of the modern human supralaryngeal vocal tract.
>
> Back in the mid-to-late 1970s, Phillip Lieberman and his colleagues Crelin
> and Klatt did a series of investigations of an intact adult Neanderthal
> skull, with particular interest in the location of the hyoid bone (a
> free-floating bone in the throat to which muscles of the vocal tract are
> attached). Imprints of the inside of the skull provided evidence of the
> soft tissues that once existed there, and helped determine where the hyoid
> bone was located. By comparing this skull with that of an adult chimpanzee,
> an infant human, and an adult human, they came to a remarkable conclusion:
> the vocal tract configuration of the adult Neanderthal, the adult
> chimpanzee, and the newborn human were nearly identical. They all showed
> signs of the standard primate configuration, in which the vocal folds are
> located high up in the neck, almost behind the nose - producing vocal
> sounds that are very nasal. The researchers also inferred from the
> Neanderthal skull that Neanderthals lacked the phonetic ability to produce
> several vowels that we take for granted, and that are necessary for forming
> speech sounds into syllables. The one skull that did not even remotely fit
> this pattern was that of the modern *adult* human.
>
> Evidence shows that the morphology of the human supralaryngeal vocal tract
> changes significantly in the course of child development, the most notable
> change being the movement of the vocal folds from their standard position
> behind the nose to a much lower position in the throat. This transformation
> is most prominent in boys, whose voices continue to deepen until puberty.
> It has also been suggested that SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome), which
> peaks at three months of age, may be caused in part by the movement of the
> vocal chords down into the throat, where it can compromise an infant's
> breathing during REM sleep. One of the most interesting facets of this
> process - to me - is that the standard primate configuration has a built-in
> anti-choking mechanism that keeps food far away from the windpipe. In adult
> humans, this safety mechanism is completely dismantled as the vocal chords
> drop down in the throat - opening up the very real possibility that adult
> humans can choke to death. (That's why we all need to learn the Heimlich
> Maneuver - so we can save one another in an emergency!). You've got to
> assume that speech communication must have been exerting an awfully
> powerful environmental pressure in order to lead to the dismantling of such
> a highly evolved safety mechanism.
>
> If the transformation of the standard primate vocal system into the modern
> human vocal tract occurred roughly 150-200 thousand years ago, it would
> suggest that long verbal utterances, such as sentences and narratives, are
> fairly recent additions to the vocal repertoire. It would also suggest
> that, prior to this development, humans were communicating with one another
> using only single words or multi-word phrases. I ask myself whether those
> linguistic structures would have been sufficient for early humans to
> organize themselves so as to pull up stakes and and travel as a community -
> and to leave Africa 1.8 million years ago in the first migration. My
> answer? Could be.
>
> Food for thought, anyway.
>
> Cheers,
> Peter
>
> On Wed, Mar 21, 2018 at 5:27 PM, David Kellogg <dkellogg60@gmail.com>
> wrote:
>
> > One reason for Jews like me to be sceptical of Gans is his apparent
> Zionism
> > (i.e. his insistence that there is a Jewish archaeological claim to the
> > land of Israel, and is conflation of anti-Zionism and anti-semitism in
> the
> > "Love and Resentment" blog).
> >
> > I am teaching phonetics and phonology this term, and one of the first
> > things we learn is the difference between the highly musical instrument
> > that we share with all of our conspecifics and the peculiar way in which
> we
> > compose music for it (including the chords of notes, the intonational
> > melodies, and the stress rhythms) which we share only with our speech
> > community. The late, great Dmitri Hvorostovsky was charged with hubris
> for
> > referring to his own mellow baritone as "the perfect instrument", but
> what
> > he really meant was that we humans have evolved our music tastes around a
> > universal, ideal, non-existent human voice (like Daniel Jones' cardinal
> > vowels, which are not the vowels of any known language).
> >
> > But I am also sceptical of Andy's desire for archaeological evidence of
> > language development--I agree with Gans that the question of the origins
> of
> > language is solveable by other, more indirect means (e.g. studying child
> > language and looking at how mitochondrial DNA changes correlate with
> > language dispersion). But for that very reason I think the "Jewish" claim
> > to Palestine is about as strong as the European claim to the Rift Valley
> in
> > Kenya.
> >
> >
> > David Kellogg
> > Sangmyung University
> >
> > Recent Article in *Early Years*
> >
> > The question of questions: Hasan’s critiques, Vygotsky’s crises, and the
> > child’s first interrogatives
> > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-
> > 3A__www.tandfonline.com_doi_full_10.1080_09575146.2018.
> 1431874&d=DwIFaQ&c=
> > aqMfXOEvEJQh2iQMCb7Wy8l0sPnURkcqADc2guUW8IM&r=
> > mXj3yhpYNklTxyN3KioIJ0ECmPHilpf4N2p9PBMATWs&m=MyLNeimQQ9r8Lh-_Ju96NFG_
> > BYk0N6Vbl5GyLGtlIz8&s=ex_usYzJIJsMujJgQ0CnJhEpoF-8YohgyuvesdusBUk&e=>
> >
> > Free e-print available at:
> > https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.
> > tandfonline.com_eprint_6EeWMigjFARavQjDJjcW_full&d=DwIFaQ&c=
> > aqMfXOEvEJQh2iQMCb7Wy8l0sPnURkcqADc2guUW8IM&r=
> > mXj3yhpYNklTxyN3KioIJ0ECmPHilpf4N2p9PBMATWs&m=MyLNeimQQ9r8Lh-_Ju96NFG_
> > BYk0N6Vbl5GyLGtlIz8&s=wRlB2z1oAEdkjZ5hutg4bNq4ULJGrN5atdmmVw28Ir4&e=
> >
> >
> > On Wed, Mar 21, 2018 at 11:35 PM, WEBSTER, DAVID S. <
> > d.s.webster@durham.ac.uk> wrote:
> >
> > > Andy, dear heart;  busy will be tomorrow, hand excavating a Neolithic
> > > ditch with mattock and trowel  - there might even be some flints to
> find!
> > > Academic writing is pure relaxation..
> > >
> > > Regards
> > >
> > > David
> > >
> > > -----Original Message-----
> > > From: xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu [mailto:xmca-l-bounces@
> > > mailman.ucsd.edu] On Behalf Of Andy Blunden
> > > Sent: 21 March 2018 13:26
> > > To: xmca-l@mailman.ucsd.edu
> > > Subject: [Xmca-l] Re: Cultural historical
> > >
> > > In short David, because I am writing. If something caught my
> imagination
> > I
> > > would make time for it. At the moment, like everyone else I suspect, I
> am
> > > busy. But I am still up for hard news of a palaeontological kind.
> > >
> > > Andy
> > >
> > > ------------------------------------------------------------
> > > Andy Blunden
> > > ttp://www.ethicalpolitics.org/ablunden/index.htm
> > > On 22/03/2018 12:15 AM, WEBSTER, DAVID S. wrote:
> > > > Why read Wikipedia when you can just as easily read Gans? Sceptical,
> > > fine, why?
> > > >
> > > > -----Original Message-----
> > > > From: xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu
> > > > [mailto:xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu] On Behalf Of Andy Blunden
> > > > Sent: 21 March 2018 12:49
> > > > To: xmca-l@mailman.ucsd.edu
> > > > Subject: [Xmca-l] Re: Cultural historical
> > > >
> > > > Wikpedia gives a fair picture of Gans's ideas, David. I'm sceptical.
> > > >
> > > > Andy
> > > >
> > > > ------------------------------------------------------------
> > > > Andy Blunden
> > > > ttp://www.ethicalpolitics.org/ablunden/index.htm
> > > > On 21/03/2018 8:24 PM, WEBSTER, DAVID S. wrote:
> > > >> As it happens there Gans offers a  blog associated  with the journal
> > > >> 'Chronicles of  Love & Resentment' but his story start with his
> first
> > > >> book 'The origins of language'. Unfortunately, palaeontological
> > > >> evidence  philosophical  speculation and semiotics are blended
> > > >> throughout if with shifting focus. Not much directly on tool use if
> > > >> memory serves but that tends to follow on in one way or another
> from
> > > >> the rest. There was no expectation that anyone would  need to digest
> > > >> the whole of the archive but it takes little effort to dip in and
> see
> > > >> what may catch your interest or ire and start from there. You might
> > > >> start your Gansian journey with 'The little big bang' (i.e. event of
> > > >> language) https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__
> > anthropoetics.ucla.edu_ap0501_gans-2D2_&d=DwIFaQ&c=
> > aqMfXOEvEJQh2iQMCb7Wy8l0sPnURkcqADc2guUW8IM&r=
> > mXj3yhpYNklTxyN3KioIJ0ECmPHilpf4N2p9PBMATWs&m=MyLNeimQQ9r8Lh-_Ju96NFG_
> > BYk0N6Vbl5GyLGtlIz8&s=beDbESV2n58BqEwkyS93Kx-8wP6MF9SD3bxXpLLZxWU&e=
> > > >>
> > > >> -----Original Message-----
> > > >> From: xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu
> > > >> [mailto:xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu] On Behalf Of Andy Blunden
> > > >> Sent: 21 March 2018 08:35
> > > >> To: xmca-l@mailman.ucsd.edu
> > > >> Subject: [Xmca-l] Re: Cultural historical
> > > >>
> > > >> Sorry David. You directed us to the home page of a journal.
> > > >> I am chuffed that you have actually read some of my work, but I
> think
> > > in general people on xmca don't usually go further than reading an
> > article
> > > of a few thousand words if it is relevant to a discussion. A whole
> > journal
> > > archive?
> > > >>
> > > >> But if you can direct me to the article which correlates
> > > palaeontological evidence and speech  and tool origins (not
> philosophical
> > > speculation) I will be all over it. (I love philosophical speculation,
> > but
> > > not on this question just now).
> > > >>
> > > >> Andy
> > > >>
> > > >> ------------------------------------------------------------
> > > >> Andy Blunden
> > > >> ttp://www.ethicalpolitics.org/ablunden/index.htm
> > > >> On 21/03/2018 7:10 PM, WEBSTER, DAVID S. wrote:
> > > >>> Please forgive my impatience but I have already directed you all
> to a
> > > site where all the points you (collectively) have so far made,  and all
> > the
> > > one that you are ever likely to make on this subject, have been raised
> > and
> > > comprehensively worked over by Gans and those many scholars who have
> > > engaged with him. The nub is the progressive transformation from
> analogue
> > > to digital required for information transfer between different systems
> > > operating at differing time scales. What Gans described in his
> 'originary
> > > hypothesis' is the same transformational operation that was used to
> > teach
> > > deaf and alingual children at Zagorsk that involves taking the actions
> of
> > > appropriation (actions for life skills) and paring them down to a
> digital
> > > code - dactylic signing. For Andy: the Urpraxis, solidarity in your
> > > telling, arises at the originary scene of language (in Gans's telling)
> > > through the formation of a in-group out-group relation.
> > > >>>
> > > >>> Rant Over
> > > >>>
> > > >>> Ps its not that I agree with all Gans argues, But he does attempt
> to
> > > cover all bases where origin of language /human culture is concerned
> and
> > in
> > > a non-sectarian/non-egotistical fashion and I therefor worth engaging
> > with.
> > > No need to reinvent the wheel here.
> > > >>>
> > > >>> -----Original Message-----
> > > >>> From: xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu
> > > >>> [mailto:xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu] On Behalf Of Andy Blunden
> > > >>> Sent: 21 March 2018 05:39
> > > >>> To: xmca-l@mailman.ucsd.edu
> > > >>> Subject: [Xmca-l] Re: Cultural historical
> > > >>>
> > > >>> I think that the thesis that *mime* (to generalise beyond
> > > >>> signing) is a plausible precursor to spoken language, and there is
> > are
> > > substantial anthropological arguments to support that thesis. It seems
> to
> > > me that stone tools are precursors of tools more generally, and mime
> may
> > be
> > > a precursor to spoken language, while the anatomical prerequisites to
> > > speech are evolving. How did speech become such a necessity that it
> drove
> > > anatomical change, and when/why did tool=making "take off" after
> > stagnating
> > > for millennia?
> > > >>>
> > > >>> But I'm only guessing, as are you David!
> > > >>>
> > > >>> This is not a palaeontologists' list, so I guess I was
> > over-optimistic
> > > to think I'd get a decisive answer to this.
> > > >>>
> > > >>> Andy
> > > >>>
> > > >>> ------------------------------------------------------------
> > > >>> Andy Blunden
> > > >>> ttp://www.ethicalpolitics.org/ablunden/index.htm
> > > >>> On 21/03/2018 4:24 PM, David Kellogg wrote:
> > > >>>> I meant deaf people. There's a strong argument being made by deaf
> > > >>>> linguists--which I agree with--that holds that spoken languages
> are
> > > >>>> an offshoot of sign rather than the other way around. This sheds
> > > >>>> some light on Andy's problem: people developed spoken languages
> > > >>>> when they found they had other things to do with their hands, like
> > > hold tools.
> > > >>>> But I also think that pre-linguistic children are an important
> > > >>>> minority that prefers the visual channel, at least for taking in
> > > >>>> information, just as we adults who get most of our information
> > > through reading do.
> > > >>>>
> > > >>>> There are some scripts that are more visual and others that are
> > > >>>> more auditory--and within the same script we find elements that
> are
> > > >>>> more visual (Chinese radicals) and others that are more auditory
> > > >>>> (the phonetic components of Chinese characters). Even in English
> > > >>>> there are some elements that are visually salient but not
> > > >>>> auditorily salient (e.g. punctuation, variations in handwriting
> > > >>>> styles, fonts,
> > > >>>> etc.) and other elements that are more auditory (the International
> > > >>>> Phonetic Alphabet which is really English based and which has
> > > >>>> sought, for over a century, a perfect match between phonemes and
> > > >>>> graphemes). Phonics is based on the idea that English has evolved
> > > >>>> towards a one phoneme-one grapheme match; in fact, it has evolved
> > > away from it.
> > > >>>>
> > > >>>> David Kellogg
> > > >>>> Sangmyung University
> > > >>>>
> > > >>>> Recent Article in *Early Years*
> > > >>>>
> > > >>>> The question of questions: Hasan’s critiques, Vygotsky’s crises,
> > > >>>> and the child’s first interrogatives
> > > >>>> <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-
> > 3A__www.tandfonline.com_doi_full_10.1080_09575146.2018.
> 1431874&d=DwIFaQ&c=
> > aqMfXOEvEJQh2iQMCb7Wy8l0sPnURkcqADc2guUW8IM&r=
> > mXj3yhpYNklTxyN3KioIJ0ECmPHilpf4N2p9PBMATWs&m=MyLNeimQQ9r8Lh-_Ju96NFG_
> > BYk0N6Vbl5GyLGtlIz8&s=ex_usYzJIJsMujJgQ0CnJhEpoF-8YohgyuvesdusBUk&e=
> > > >>>> >
> > > >>>>
> > > >>>> Free e-print available at:
> > > >>>> https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.
> > tandfonline.com_eprint_6EeWMigjFARavQjDJjcW_full&d=DwIFaQ&c=
> > aqMfXOEvEJQh2iQMCb7Wy8l0sPnURkcqADc2guUW8IM&r=
> > mXj3yhpYNklTxyN3KioIJ0ECmPHilpf4N2p9PBMATWs&m=MyLNeimQQ9r8Lh-_Ju96NFG_
> > BYk0N6Vbl5GyLGtlIz8&s=wRlB2z1oAEdkjZ5hutg4bNq4ULJGrN5atdmmVw28Ir4&e=
> > > >>>>
> > > >>>>
> > > >>>> On Wed, Mar 21, 2018 at 1:11 PM, Helena Worthen
> > > >>>> <helenaworthen@gmail.com>
> > > >>>> wrote:
> > > >>>>
> > > >>>>> David, what is the important minority that you’re referring to:
> > > >>>>>
> > > >>>>> "... the lowering of the vocal tract was phenomenal to language;
> > > >>>>> it was only an epiphenomenal circumstance which made the majority
> > > >>>>> of humans choose the vocal channel for language while an
> important
> > > >>>>> minority choose the visual channel” — ?
> > > >>>>>
> > > >>>>> And how can we see what can be seen in the visual channel?
> > > >>>>>
> > > >>>>> Helena Worthen
> > > >>>>> helenaworthen@gmail.com
> > > >>>>> Berkeley, CA 94707 510-828-2745
> > > >>>>> Blog US/ Viet Nam:
> > > >>>>> helenaworthen.wordpress.com
> > > >>>>> skype: helena.worthen1
> > > >>>>>
> > > >>>>>
> > > >>>>>
> > > >>>>>
> > > >>>>>
> > > >>>>>
> > > >>>>>
> > > >>>>>> On Mar 21, 2018, at 8:37 AM, David Kellogg <
> dkellogg60@gmail.com>
> > > wrote:
> > > >>>>>>
> > > >>>>>> Andy has a knack for winkling brilliant insights out of early
> > > Vygotsky:
> > > >>>>> he
> > > >>>>>> remarks somewhere that "Ape, Primitive, Child: Studies in the
> > > >>>>>> History of Behavior," a book which I really didn't care much
> for,
> > > >>>>>> taught him that whenever we decide on some essential distinction
> > > >>>>>> between human and non-human behavior, we necessarily find
> > > >>>>>> rudiments of it in non-human behavior. To which I would only add
> > > >>>>>> that the circumstance that the rudiments of human behavior are
> > > >>>>>> linked  to non-human behavior doesn't
> > > >>>>> make
> > > >>>>>> them indistinguishable. On the contrary, it is really only
> > > >>>>>> because human behaviors are distinct that we can speak of them
> > > >>>>>> being linked (we don't talk of air-breathing in humans as being
> > > >>>>>> linked to air-breathing in apes, because the process is really
> > > >>>>>> one and the same; we do speak of language
> > > >>>>> in
> > > >>>>>> humans as being linked to ape vocalizations precisely because
> > > >>>>>> they are distinct processes). If this is true of anthropogenetic
> > > >>>>>> phenomena like
> > > >>>>> free
> > > >>>>>> will, language and literacy, it's also true of their
> symptomatic
> > > >>>>>> epiphenomena, such as migration, culture, and literature. I
> don't
> > > >>>>>> agree with Andy that the lowering of the vocal tract was
> > > >>>>>> phenomenal to
> > > >>>>> language;
> > > >>>>>> it was only an epiphenomenal circumstance which made the
> majority
> > > >>>>>> of
> > > >>>>> humans
> > > >>>>>> choose the vocal channel for language while an important
> minority
> > > >>>>>> choose the visual channel, to which the majority again reverted
> > > >>>>>> once alphabets
> > > >>>>> and
> > > >>>>>> literacy were invented (again, an exercise of some rudimentary
> > > >>>>>> form of
> > > >>>>> free
> > > >>>>>> will).
> > > >>>>>>
> > > >>>>>> Compare migration along a seacoast with migration into a
> > > >>>>>> mountainous region. One requires no major change in productive
> > > >>>>>> relations, while the other probably does. Similar with migration
> > > >>>>>> along an East-West axis. This requires relatively little free
> > > >>>>>> will, as the climate does not change and many of the plants and
> > > animals which provide food are probably the same.
> > > >>>>> In
> > > >>>>>> contrast, migration along a North-South axis, which involves
> > > >>>>>> climate
> > > >>>>> change
> > > >>>>>> and corresponding adaptations, would require relatively more
> > > >>>>>> communal discussion, the process Andy calls collaborative
> > > >>>>>> decision making. I think that wandering out of Africa involved,
> > > >>>>>> on the one hand, migration along
> > > >>>>> the
> > > >>>>>> Nile and coastlines and, on the other, migration out of a
> > > >>>>>> mountainous region (the Rift Valley is pretty mountainous). But
> > > >>>>>> it also involved migration along a North-South axis and not an
> > > >>>>>> East-West one. Of course, staying put in Africa probably also
> > > >>>>>> involved collaborative decision
> > > >>>>> making
> > > >>>>>> over millenia, but we don't have any record of the decision as
> we
> > > >>>>>> do with leaving the home continent
> > > >>>>>>
> > > >>>>>> David Kellogg
> > > >>>>>> Sangmyung University
> > > >>>>>>
> > > >>>>>> Recent Article in *Early Years*
> > > >>>>>>
> > > >>>>>> The question of questions: Hasan’s critiques, Vygotsky’s crises,
> > > >>>>>> and the child’s first interrogatives
> > > >>>>>> <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-
> > 3A__www.tandfonline.com_doi_full_10.1080_09575146.2018.14318&d=DwIFaQ&c=
> > aqMfXOEvEJQh2iQMCb7Wy8l0sPnURkcqADc2guUW8IM&r=
> > mXj3yhpYNklTxyN3KioIJ0ECmPHilpf4N2p9PBMATWs&m=MyLNeimQQ9r8Lh-_Ju96NFG_
> > BYk0N6Vbl5GyLGtlIz8&s=LJaYJBkDZO1hWul3UfpQ0z0FSBWjdUR6WUhWEeVO908&e=
> > > >>>>>> 7
> > > >>>>>> 4
> > > >>>>>> Free e-print available at:
> > > >>>>>> https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.
> > tandfonline.com_eprint_6EeWMigjFARavQjDJjcW_full&d=DwIFaQ&c=
> > aqMfXOEvEJQh2iQMCb7Wy8l0sPnURkcqADc2guUW8IM&r=
> > mXj3yhpYNklTxyN3KioIJ0ECmPHilpf4N2p9PBMATWs&m=MyLNeimQQ9r8Lh-_Ju96NFG_
> > BYk0N6Vbl5GyLGtlIz8&s=wRlB2z1oAEdkjZ5hutg4bNq4ULJGrN5atdmmVw28Ir4&e=
> > > >>>>>>
> > > >>>>>>
> > > >>>>>> On Wed, Mar 21, 2018 at 9:07 AM, Martin Packer
> > > >>>>>> <mpacker@cantab.net>
> > > >>>>> wrote:
> > > >>>>>>> David, they wouldn't have known they were leaving their home
> > > >>>>>>> continent, would they? Some of them were just lucky enough to
> > > >>>>>>> wander in the
> > > >>>>> direction
> > > >>>>>>> of a land bridge, instead of into the ocean. Like any species
> > > >>>>>>> that
> > > >>>>> spreads
> > > >>>>>>> into a new geographical location, no conscious decision
> required.
> > > >>>>>>>
> > > >>>>>>> Martin, who wandered into South America
> > > >>>>>>>
> > > >>>>>>>
> > > >>>>>>>
> > > >>>>>>>
> > > >>>>>>>> On Mar 19, 2018, at 7:50 AM, David Kellogg
> > > >>>>>>>> <dkellogg60@gmail.com>
> > > >>>>> wrote:
> > > >>>>>>>> Somewhere in the discussion of Monica and Fernando's article,
> > > >>>>>>>> Fernando
> > > >>>>>>> made
> > > >>>>>>>> the remark that history does not know "ifs". Similarly, Monica
> > > >>>>>>>> implied
> > > >>>>> at
> > > >>>>>>>> one point that large technological changes must be taken as
> > > >>>>>>>> given; they
> > > >>>>>>> are
> > > >>>>>>>> not something over which humans have control. But even if we
> > > >>>>>>>> accept the "Out of Africa" story which this article
> undermines,
> > > >>>>>>>> we are left
> > > >>>>> with
> > > >>>>>>>> the apparently conscious decision of early hominids to leave
> > > >>>>>>>> the home continent, something none of the other great apes
> ever
> > > determined upon.
> > > >>>>>>>> Vygotsky remarked that rudiments of all four forms of higher
> > > >>>>>>>> behavior--instinct, enculturation, creativity, and free will
> > > >>>>>>>> that is
> > > >>>>> none
> > > >>>>>>>> of these--appear even in infancy. So it appears that free will
> > > >>>>>>>> was
> > > >>>>> always
> > > >>>>>>>> part of anthropogenesis, and consequently that
> > > >>>>>>>> history--including
> > > >>>>> present
> > > >>>>>>>> history--knows nothing but ifs. We just don't see the others
> > > >>>>>>>> because we
> > > >>>>>>> are
> > > >>>>>>>> sitting in one of them.
> > > >>>>>>>>
> > > >>>>>>>> David Kellogg
> > > >>>>>>>> Sangmyung University
> > > >>>>>>>>
> > > >>>>>>>> Recent Article in *Early Years*
> > > >>>>>>>>
> > > >>>>>>>> The question of questions: Hasan’s critiques, Vygotsky’s
> > > >>>>>>>> crises, and
> > > >>>>> the
> > > >>>>>>>> child’s first interrogatives
> > > >>>>>>>> <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-
> > 3A__www.tandfonline.com_doi_full_10.1080_09575146.2018.143&d=DwIFaQ&c=
> > aqMfXOEvEJQh2iQMCb7Wy8l0sPnURkcqADc2guUW8IM&r=
> > mXj3yhpYNklTxyN3KioIJ0ECmPHilpf4N2p9PBMATWs&m=MyLNeimQQ9r8Lh-_Ju96NFG_
> > BYk0N6Vbl5GyLGtlIz8&s=2gUdDbJLFRCjt0etkBXOCsBzJDHsHK3iuAzNltz73es&e=
> > > >>>>>>>> 1
> > > >>>>>>>> 8
> > > >>>>>>>> 7
> > > >>>>>>>> 4>
> > > >>>>>>>>
> > > >>>>>>>> Free e-print available at:
> > > >>>>>>>> https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.
> > tandfonline.com_eprint_6EeWMigjFARavQjDJjcW_full&d=DwIFaQ&c=
> > aqMfXOEvEJQh2iQMCb7Wy8l0sPnURkcqADc2guUW8IM&r=
> > mXj3yhpYNklTxyN3KioIJ0ECmPHilpf4N2p9PBMATWs&m=MyLNeimQQ9r8Lh-_Ju96NFG_
> > BYk0N6Vbl5GyLGtlIz8&s=wRlB2z1oAEdkjZ5hutg4bNq4ULJGrN5atdmmVw28Ir4&e=
> > > >>>>>>>>
> > > >>>>>>>>
> > > >>>>>>>> On Mon, Mar 19, 2018 at 7:33 AM, mike cole <mcole@ucsd.edu>
> > > wrote:
> > > >>>>>>>>
> > > >>>>>>>>> This synoptic story of the current state of research on human
> > > >>>>>>>>> origins
> > > >>>>>>> seems
> > > >>>>>>>>> relevant to the cultural-historical folks around.
> > > >>>>>>>>> mike
> > > >>>>>>>>>
> > > >>>>>>>>> https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.
> > sapiens.org_evolution_human-2Devolution-2D&d=DwIFaQ&c=
> > aqMfXOEvEJQh2iQMCb7Wy8l0sPnURkcqADc2guUW8IM&r=
> > mXj3yhpYNklTxyN3KioIJ0ECmPHilpf4N2p9PBMATWs&m=MyLNeimQQ9r8Lh-_Ju96NFG_
> > BYk0N6Vbl5GyLGtlIz8&s=iVeSOjjGdN3doQjgHvAaGuS9-Pip6rK7BcaBXI_D1t8&e=
> > > >>>>>>>>> australia-asia/?utm_source=SAPIENS.org+Subscribers&utm_
> > > >>>>>>>>> campaign=1b31c25316-Email+Blast+12.22.2017&utm_medium=
> > > >>>>>>>>> email&utm_term=0_18b7e41cd8-1b31c25316-199570669
> > > >>>>>>>>>
> > > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> >
>
>
>
> --
> Peter Feigenbaum, Ph.D.
> Director,
> Office of Institutional Research
> <https://www.fordham.edu/info/24303/institutional_research>
> Fordham University
> Thebaud Hall-202
> Bronx, NY 10458
>
> Phone: (718) 817-2243
> Fax: (718) 817-3817
> email: pfeigenbaum@fordham.edu
>