Re: [xmca] Gratier, Greenfield, & Isaac

[Larry Purss <lpurss@shaw.ca>]

The consideration of SINGULARITY within cultural - critical logocentric discourse analysis is also a theme Catherine Lutz explored in her chapter "motivated Models" in the  book edited by D'Andrade and Strauss titled "Human Motives and Cultural Models" (1992)
On page 183 Lutz is summarizing Kenneth Gergen's perspective on an aspect of the how we locate activity in psychological discourse.  Gergen points out that psychological phenomena usually are described in the scientific worlds as series of  temporally bounded, sequential, and SINGULAR events. This is in contrast to an alternative possibility of describing the psychological as a continuous MULTIPLEX flow.  Gergen suggests the tendency toward a focus on SINGULARITY arises from the dominance of the verbal mode for communicating in academic discourse.  It is in the nature of language to index the world in clearly separable or discrete ways as SINGULAR events, structures, or occurrences. (Gergen, 1985)
Lutz, amplifying Gergen's perspective points out that when we talk about "goals" and "motives" we conceptualize people's AIMS as discrete entities rather than diffuse and "fuzzy"  Multiple goals are not typically said to be held simultaneously as the focus is on singularity.  Lutz emphasizes the tendency to focus on singularity results in underestimating the importance and pervasiveness of AMBIGUITY AMBIVALENCE in reflecting on motives and goals.  She points out that cognitive anthropologists have devoted far less attention to this problem of achieving clarity in thinking through a bias towards singularity in logocentric discourse practices.  She suggests symbolic and psychodynamically oriented anthropologists have more willingly engaged in the recognition of the pervasiveness of ambivalence. 
 
I think this extends David's critique of many cultural-critical discourse styles.
 
Larry


----- Original Message -----
From: mike cole <lchcmike@gmail.com>
Date: Saturday, December 5, 2009 11:26 am
Subject: Re: [xmca] Gratier, Greenfield, & Isaac
To: "eXtended Mind, Culture, Activity" <xmca@weber.ucsd.edu>

> I'll be very interested in what the authors have to say to your 
> analysis,David (and no, Larry, emotions are all over xmca!- no 
> problem unless they
> serve ad hominim destructive aims - (my view).
> 
> I wanted to comment on another aspect of David's note that may be
> overlooked, but which I think adds an important, additional 
> cultural element
> to the analysis. I am referring to the problem of efforts to
> train coders and then test for reliability.
> 
> David describes the problem quite well. But I want to link it to 
> the idea
> that what we do when we get (say) two people to code the same 
> protocols from
> complex interactional scenes is to create a micro-culture among 
> the coders
> during the training.
> 
> We wrestled with this problem (which may have been written up 
> somewhere back
> in the LCHC newsletter days, or may have remained merely 
> discussion within
> the lab) a good deal in, for example, work on categorizing forms 
> of behavior
> in afterschool clubs. What we found was that we could get 
> agreement up to a
> pretty high level for the behavioral categories we were using 
> *so long as
> the coders stayed in contact with each other as they worked.* 
> But at some
> point one of the people involved fell ill, and when s/he 
> returned to work,
> the agreement level among coders took a tumble. I believe there 
> was a good
> deal of work on this general issue back in the 1970's- 1980's -- 
> we were not
> the only ones who stumbled across the fact that the coding 
> reliability might
> be the result of what we would now call the creation of a 
> microculture that
> required ongoing maintenance.
> 
> Experimental procedures that script subjects' behaviors might be 
> usefullyviewed as "pre-coding" schemes that provide a patina of 
> objectivity because
> they antecede the data collection phase, but run the danger of 
> getting out
> of the observations what had covertly been built in. But that 
> leads down a
> long road we probably should not
> pursue at present.
> mike
> 
> On Sat, Dec 5, 2009 at 10:28 AM, Larry Purss <lpurss@shaw.ca> 
> wrote:
> > David
> >
> > Your analysis of how we proceed from micro to macro VS from 
> macro to micro
> > is brilliant (is that too emotional a term for academic 
> discourse where we
> > should remain reserved).
> > I have been trying to integrate the various cultural-critical 
> discourses> with the micro-genetic "experience-near" acts of 
> cognition and
> > "affect-attunement".
> > You have suggested a framework which helps me begin to 
> understand how the
> > socio-cultural (historical-cultural) standpoint and the 
> cultural-critical
> > standpoint take different positions on the same landscape.
> > I hope others have reflections on the way you have elaborated 
> the contrasts
> > Thank you
> >
> > Larry
> >
> >
> > ----- Original Message -----
> > From: David Kellogg <vaughndogblack@yahoo.com>
> > Date: Friday, December 4, 2009 9:30 pm
> > Subject: Re: [xmca] Gratier, Greenfield, & Isaac
> > To: Culture ActivityeXtended Mind <xmca@weber.ucsd.edu>
> >
> > > Sometime in the late twentieth century, literary critics made
> > > the discovery that all the qualitative methods developed for the
> > > exegeses of literary texts could be readily applied to so-called
> > > "non-literary" texts. This included biographical, formal, "new
> > > criticism" based on the text itself, and a plethora of more or
> > > less committed approaches like feminism, multiculturalism,
> > > postcolonialism all of which share a cultural-critical 
> stance of
> > > one kind or another. Cultural critical discussion of the content
> > > of texts, which could be readily confirmed by juicy quotes
> > > (sorry, I mean, by the judicious application of cultural
> > > analysis) led to a "postructuralist" critical discourse analysis.
> > >
> > > There is a kind of classroom discourse analysis that I would
> > > describe as qualitative literary criticism applied to teacher
> > > talk, in which words like "enthusiasm", "excitement", and
> > > "knowledge building" are used the way we used to talk about the
> > > muscularity of Milton's metaphors or the crystalline structure
> > > of Pope's verses.
> > >
> > > But as Halliday points out, a discourse analysis of this type,
> > > without some systematic and clear link to grammar on the one
> > > hand and semantics on the other, is really no analysis at all;
> > > it's just a running commentary on a text, with some selective
> > > highlights tendentiously provided to bolster the critic's
> > > argument. That's why Gratier, Greenfield and Isaac heroically
> > > try to confirm their micro-analyses with a more macro-
> > > logogenetic comparison.
> > >
> > > How does an analyst manage to connect the kind of microgenetic
> > > analysis that we really require to catch actual acts of
> > > cognition and communication in the wild with something more
> > > macrogenetic, even ontogenetic? I think there are two basic
> > > tendancies.
> > > The first tendancy is the tendancy we see in ethnomethodology
> > > and conversation analysis influenced work, and it's one I would
> > > describe as downward reductionist. The analyst takes SINGULARITY
> > > as the key feature of communicative/cognitive events, and tries
> > > to find the implicit communicative principle in a single
> > > particular event (e.g. methods of turn-taking, the latching of
> > > adjacency pairs, etc.). If these can be shown to inhere in the
> > > actual meaning-making procedures of the participants themselves,
> > > then presumably they can be generalized to the macrogenetic
> > > plane.
> > >
> > > The problem with this appears on p. 305 of Gratier, Greenfield
> > > and Isaac, where the authors admit that their inter-rater
> > > agreement rate was low: 68% for the collaborative completions,
> > > 75% for repetition, and only 62% (!!!) for nonverbal imitations.
> > > For praise and criticism the inter-rater reliability was 78% and
> > > 71% respectively.
> > >
> > > Raters are trained, and when that doesn't work (as it often
> > > doesn't in my own work) they train each other until it does. But
> > > if even trained and re-trained raters cannot agree on what
> > > constitutes praise and what constitutes criticism, it's hard to
> > > see how participants consistently do. One cannot help suspecting
> > > that they simply don't, and that this may as responsible for
> > > the discomfort reported in parent teacher conferences by
> > > Greenfield, Quiroz and Raeff as anything else.
> > >
> > > It seems to me that the socio-cultural (or cultural-historical)
> > > approach to the methodological problem of linking micro- and
> > > macro- levels of analysis is, as the name implies, a much more
> > > UPWARDLY moving methodological maneuver. It involves trying to
> > > find a point where microgenetic changes pass over into
> > > macrogenetic ones, and often that involves working backwards
> > > from macrogenetic differences to microgenetic ones.
> > >
> > > That is why I am not so shocked as some participants by the
> > > "essentializing" language of cooperation vs. competition,
> > > "collective" vs. "individualistic" or even Latino vs. Anglo.
> > > Actually, I think this kind of language is, as Larry says, a
> > > heuristic; a form of "hypothesis and then research", and it's
> > > excusable in a socio-cultural (cultural historical) attempt to
> > > link the micro with the macro.
> > >
> > > Where I think I really differ with the authors is in the way
> > > that IRE is selectively employed to describe the latter and not
> > > the former, and "criticism" is selectively employed to describe
> > > the former and not the latter. It seems to me that BOTH of the
> > > following interactions can be described in terms of IRE:
> > >
> > > BC:
> > > T:El mar es la colecion de much agua, pero agua fresca o 
> agua salada?
> > > S: Agua salada.
> > > T: OK.
> > >
> > > Non-BC:
> > > T: Tell us what an artist does. What does an artist do?
> > > S: Draw.
> > > T: Draws. OK? How about a photographer?
> > > S: Takes pictures.
> > > T: OK.
> > >
> > > The usual way we think about IRE involves emphasizing the role
> > > of the E, either as reward (in neo-behaviorist teaching) or 
> as a
> > > bridge to linking exchanges into sequences (in the work of Hugh
> > > Mehan, and latterly in that of Nassaji and Wells, and Gordon
> > > Wells generally). But here both teachers are moving from the
> > > general to the particular, from definition to
> > > exemplification, using "OK" as their E move.
> > >
> > > It's pretty clear to me that the INITIATE is the key difference.
> > > In BC the initiate is a STATEMENT, followed by a question with
> > > only one degree of freedom. The result is a consensus, albeit
> > > one based on very little choice (and one which confirms what one
> > > child said earlier in the exchange, "ya me lo se todo").
> > >
> > > In the Non-BC we have a much more open opening: a command which
> > > actually REQUIRES participation, followed by a wh-question. The
> > > child's response is the object of critical uptake (focussed on
> > > verb-subject agreement). But the second question indicates an
> > > implicit CRITICISM of this response, because a photographer can
> > > also be said to be an artist, but a photographer does not draw.
> > >
> > > So it appears to me that the teacher in the Non-BC classroom is
> > > being a lot more critical, at least implicitly. The difference
> > > between the two classrooms might actually be in the
> > > demandingness ("prospectivity" is the proper technical term, I
> > > guess) of the initiate.
> > >
> > > The problem is that there is nothing inherent or universally
> > > generalizeable in demandingness; it really does depend on the
> > > needs and on the volition of the participants. In a classroom,
> > > however, those needs and that volition are, either 
> explicitly or
> > > implicitly, explainable by that faith in a link between learning
> > > and development which we all do confess.
> > >
> > > David Kellogg
> > > Seoul National University of Education
> > >
> > >
> > > --- On Fri, 12/4/09, Larry Purss <lpurss@shaw.ca> wrote:
> > >
> > >
> > > From: Larry Purss <lpurss@shaw.ca>
> > > Subject: Re: [xmca] Gratier, Greenfield, & Isaac
> > > To: "eXtended Mind, Culture, Activity" <xmca@weber.ucsd.edu>
> > > Date: Friday, December 4, 2009, 5:21 AM
> > >
> > >
> > > I wanted to amplify an aspect of the article that is implicit
> > > and make it more explicit.
> > > On page 312 various frames are offered to explain the reason for
> > > the alternative communicative styles.
> > > A) in the BC class the interactions are peer-group led rather
> > > than teacher led
> > > B)It might reflect a sense of partaking in a group voice and
> > > sharing a coherent group identity.
> > > C)It may denote a general OPENNESS TO NOVELTY and creative
> > > responding and an orientation to verbal PLAY,NARRATIVE, AND HUMOR.
> > >
> > > There is another discourse which focuses on creating "COMMON
> > > GROUND" (p313) and "student attentional engagement and emotional
> > > expression" (313) which "results in a rhythmic pattern that
> > > creates ensemble" (313).
> > > This is the dramaturlogical discourse of "enactments" and "PLAY"
> > > and language "games"  This discourse emphasizes 
> metaphors that
> > > point to creating or opening spaces where common ground emerges
> > > from novelty.
> > > I share sympathy with the perspective of this article that
> > > emphasizes collaborative emergence.  Yes the terms
> > > collectivistic and individualistic are essentializing terms but
> > > if we view them as heuristic language games to map the territory
> > > of the relational patterns emerging and creating common ground
> > > their are various discourses which can point us in that direction.
> > >
> > > Larry
> > >
> > > ----- Original Message -----
> > > From: David Kellogg <vaughndogblack@yahoo.com>
> > > Date: Friday, December 4, 2009 12:50 am
> > > Subject: Re: [xmca] Gratier, Greenfield, & Isaac
> > > To: lchcmike@gmail.com, Culture ActivityeXtended Mind
> > > <xmca@weber.ucsd.edu>
> > > > The part that Jay is puzzled by caught my eye as well. It's
> > > > right on the bottom of p. 297:
> > > >
> > > > "Cultural conflicts between Latino family values and American
> > > > pedagogical values were also studied empirically by
> > > Greenfield,
> > > > Quiroz and Raeff (2000) through an analysis of patent-teacher
> > > > conferences. They found widely varying emphases on helping and
> > > > sharing as well as high levels of misunderstanding and
> > > confusion
> > > > between Latino parents and US trained mainstream teachers.
> > > > Implicit cultural conflicts were shown to clearly (?) relate
> > > to
> > > > underlying and nonverbalized cultural assumptions. In these
> > > > conferences, the teacher, having adopted the 'individualistic'
> > > > assumptions of US school culture, was verbally 
> constructing an
> > > > 'individualistic' child, whereas the parent was verbally
> > > > constructing a 'collectivistic' one. As an example, one
> > > element
> > > > in the 'collectivistic worldview is a dispreference for
> > > praise,
> > > > which makes one child stand out. In the 'individualistic' (p.
> > > > 298) worldview, in contrast, praise is strongly preferred. In
> > > > one conference, teh teacher's
> > > >  praise for the child made a father extremely
> > > > uncomfortable. Given that these parents were concerned with
> > > > socializing their children into tehir culture, we would
> > > imagine
> > > > that high levels of praise in the classroom would cause
> > > conflict
> > > > with the children's (?) more collectivistic worldview, based
> > > on
> > > > their home socialization."
> > > >
> > > > This paragraph is later transformed into a research hypothesis
> > > > on p. 303:
> > > >
> > > > "H4: We predicted more use of praise in the non-BC classroom
> > > and
> > > > more use of criticism in the BC classroom." (p. 303)
> > > >
> > > > It is also the object of quantitative analysis on p. 304: "the
> > > > number of instances of praise and criticism directed at the
> > > students">
> > > > It seems clear, to answer Jay's query, that this means
> > > > praise/criticism of the child by the teacher. What is less
> > > clear
> > > > is how these can be "clearly" related to NONVERBALIZED and
> > > > UNDERLYING cultural assumptions,,
> > > >
> > > > If they are underlying and assumed, why would they be
> > > verbalized
> > > > at all? If they are wholly or partly nonverbalized, how can
> > > they
> > > > be quantified in the number of instances of praise and
> > > criticism
> > > > directed at students?
> > > >
> > > > In addition, it's not at all clear how or if research 
> based on
> > > > parent-teacher conferences, which are performances of a rather
> > > > different nature in which the child does not take part, is
> > > valid
> > > > for classroom research.
> > > >
> > > > I think, unlike Jay, I am rather sympathetic to the
> > > Bernsteinian
> > > > assumptions that underly this kind of research. I do believe
> > > > that there is something called a restricted code and a more
> > > > elaborated one, and I even believe that up to a certain point
> > > a
> > > > home-school mismatch can be debilitating for children.
> > > >
> > > > But I also believe that after a certain point (say, fourth or
> > > > fifth grade) kids begin to talk like other kids and not like
> > > > their parents. So when we find restricted codes reproducing
> > > > themselves in learner language, it is not blameable on parent
> > > > cultures, but rather on the child's own emerging volition.
> > > >
> > > > That is the bad news. The good news is that, like foreign
> > > > language codes (which are certainly elaborated), the
> > > > fossilization of restricted codes is highly susceptible
> > > > to teacher intervention.
> > > >
> > > > David Kellogg
> > > > Seoul National University of Education
> > > >
> > > >
> > > >
> > > > --- On Thu, 12/3/09, mike cole <lchcmike@gmail.com> wrote:
> > > >
> > > >
> > > > From: mike cole <lchcmike@gmail.com>
> > > > Subject: Re: [xmca] Gratier, Greenfield, & Isaac
> > > > To: "eXtended Mind, Culture, Activity" <xmca@weber.ucsd.edu>
> > > > Cc: "Patricia Greenfield" <greenfield@psych.ucla.edu>,
> > > > mgratier@u-paris10.fr
> > > > Date: Thursday, December 3, 2009, 4:51 PM
> > > >
> > > >
> > > > I am cc'ing authors in case they have not signed up for the
> > > > discussion. A
> > > > mixture of questions have been raised that perhaps
> > > > they can help to help us sort out.
> > > > mike
> > > >
> > > > On Thu, Dec 3, 2009 at 3:00 PM, yuan lai
> > > > <laiyuantaiwan@gmail.com> wrote:
> > > >
> > > > > Michael, I believe there are ways that mirror the “natural
> > > > way” to teach
> > > > > cultural capital overtly. I’ve seen 3- and 4-year-olds from
> > > > families of
> > > > > refugee status quickly appropriated the value placed on
> > > print,
> > > > showing> interest in print, wanting to write their names,
> > > > feeling proud of their own
> > > > > attempts, not long after establishing a relationship with
> > > the
> > > > preschool> teacher in various activities in a family literacy
> > > > program, which embeds
> > > > > print in almost all its classroom activities. For example,
> > > the
> > > > teacher read
> > > > > to the children while they were eating, pointed out print
> > > and
> > > > signs in the
> > > > > environment for them as they went out for recess, and wrote
> > > > notes in front
> > > > > of them to request materials needed for the classroom. The
> > > > transformation> of
> > > > > the children’s attention, interest, and desire is amazing
> > > > given that the
> > > > > children hardly understood English when they entered the
> > > > program and their
> > > > > parents seldom read to them or pointed out print around due
> > > to
> > > > low reading
> > > > > and writing ability in English and in their first language.
> > > > I've since been
> > > > > convinced of the importance of setting up a learning
> > > > environment that has
> > > > > an
> > > > > emphasis on relationship building.
> > > > >
> > > > > Jay, until you revealed it, I didn't see it. I reread the
> > > > section leading
> > > > > to
> > > > > the hypotheses section and found that there is some
> > > reference
> > > > to praise,
> > > > > but
> > > > > not at all to criticism.
> > > > >
> > > > > It appears that the same two classrooms (BC and non-BC) have
> > > > been studied
> > > > > from different angles and the findings seem to be consistent
> > > > with Gratier
> > > > > et
> > > > > al.'s framework. This article certainly extends their work.
> > > > Terms such as
> > > > > style and collectivism do connote essentialization; the
> > > > authors’ data
> > > > > provide substantiation of the essentialzed norms and
> > > > communication styles
> > > > > (although what one sets out to do confines what one looks
> > > for)
> > > > but I think
> > > > > they could have gone a step further. The example of a
> > > father’s
> > > > feeling> uncomfortable when the teacher praised his child does
> > > > not tell how he may
> > > > > act or say to people in his in-group. There is also the
> > > > assumption that
> > > > > home
> > > > > socialization remains the same after immigration. Given the
> > > > contrastive> framework in Gratier et al., I see little reasons
> > > > not to include the
> > > > > videotaping of the same groups of children (some of them,
> > > more
> > > > likely)> interacting with their parents at home. Or is another
> > > > paper forthcoming?
> > > > >
> > > > >  Yuan
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > > On Thu, Dec 3, 2009 at 4:46 AM, Michael Glassman
> > > > <MGlassman@ehe.osu.edu> >wrote:
> > > > >
> > > > > > Jay
> > > > > > ,
> > > > > > It seems to me a playing out - at least to some extent of
> > > > Bourdieu's> larger
> > > > > > theory.  That increasing the cultural capital of the
> > > teacher
> > > > in relation
> > > > > to
> > > > > > the class would increase the level of social capital,
> > > which
> > > > would lead to
> > > > > > some of the findings they present.  A lack of cultural
> > > > capital (usually
> > > > > > assumed on the part of the students) would certainly lead
> > > to more
> > > > > > difficulties in communication and the students feeling
> > > more
> > > > uncomfortable> in
> > > > > > class.
> > > > > >
> > > > > > But this leads to a fairly radical assumption on the part
> > > of
> > > > the authors
> > > > > > concerning habitus, even in terms of Bourdieu's theory.
> > > > That is that
> > > > > > cultural capital can be taught overtly, as cultural
> > > capital -
> > > > Bourdieu
> > > > > seems
> > > > > > to emphasize that we learn cultural capital more or less
> > > > unconsciously,> > through everyday experience in the right
> > > > situations (whether it is with
> > > > > > parents or in a school system where the type of cultural
> > > > capital that
> > > > > leads
> > > > > > to easy social capital is pervasive).  I'm not so sure
> > > this
> > > > is possible.
> > > > > >
> > > > > > I have another difficult which is that I read habitus as
> > > > defining class
> > > > > > distinctions rather than cultural distinctions, and that
> > > I'm
> > > > not sure his
> > > > > > ideas translate between the two, or make that much sense
> > > if
> > > > they do.  The
> > > > > > types of cultures like Latino/Latina cultures are 
> going to
> > > > have class
> > > > > > distinctions defined by different habitas, defined most
> > > > easily by
> > > > > different
> > > > > > levels of economic capital, and different recogntions of
> > > > symbolic capital
> > > > > > (and symbolic violence),  To say a population so 
> large has
> > > a
> > > > single type
> > > > > of
> > > > > > habitus I think is problematic - especially when using a
> > > > terms such as
> > > > > > collectivist, which is both categorical and far too broad
> > > I
> > > > think to be
> > > > > > really salient in describing classes, let alone entire
> > > > cultures (I think
> > > > > > level and type of social capital might be more appropriate
> > > > if you are
> > > > > going
> > > > > > to use Bourdeiu's theory as a starting point).
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Michael
> > > > > >
> > > > > > ________________________________
> > > > > >
> > > > > > From: xmca-bounces@weber.ucsd.edu on behalf of Jay Lemke
> > > > > > Sent: Thu 12/3/2009 12:16 AM
> > > > > > To: XMCA Forum
> > > > > > Subject: [xmca] Gratier, Greenfield, & Isaac
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > > I don't know how many people have yet had a chance to look
> > > > at the MCA
> > > > > > article-of-the-month (Gratier, Greenfield, & Isaac on
> > > > communicative> > habitus and attunement in classrooms).
> > > > > >
> > > > > > I must have missed something, so could someone explain to
> > > me
> > > > how they
> > > > > > derive the hypothesis that the more culturally attuned
> > > > classroom will
> > > > > > have more criticism (by the teacher? or by everyone?) and
> > > > less praise,
> > > > > > than the mismatched classroom?
> > > > > >
> > > > > > And what do you think generally about the methodology in
> > > > this work?
> > > > > >
> > > > > > JAY.
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Jay Lemke
> > > > > > Professor (Adjunct, 2009-2010)
> > > > > > Educational Studies
> > > > > > University of Michigan
> > > > > > Ann Arbor, MI 48109
> > > > > > www.umich.edu/~jaylemke 
> <http://www.umich.edu/%7Ejaylemke>> > > 
> <http://www.umich.edu/%7Ejaylemke> <
> > > > > http://www.umich.edu/%7Ejaylemke>
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Visiting Scholar
> > > > > > Laboratory for Comparative Human Communication
> > > > > > University of California -- San Diego
> > > > > > La Jolla, CA
> > > > > > USA 92093
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > > _______________________________________________
> > > > > > xmca mailing list
> > > > > > xmca@weber.ucsd.edu
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> > > > > > http://dss.ucsd.edu/mailman/listinfo/xmca
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> > > > >
> > > > _______________________________________________
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> > > > xmca@weber.ucsd.edu
> > > > http://dss.ucsd.edu/mailman/listinfo/xmca
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> > > > _______________________________________________
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> > > >
> > >
> > > _______________________________________________
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> > >
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> > http://dss.ucsd.edu/mailman/listinfo/xmca
> >
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