Hi, Andy.
My method of eliciting the speech involves children playing a game with a
challenging
cognitive component. I videotape each child (usually 4-, 6-, and
8-year-olds) individually--
with me in the room, at a distance, as a possible resource for
interpersonal speech if the
child is feeling motivated enough to seek it out. The child is given
instructions about how
the game works, what the objective is, and is told "it's a new game, and I
want to know what
you think of it, and whether other kids would like it." The game I have
tended to use is a
Piagetian task in which a child is asked to connect some straight and
curved wooden tracks
together in such a way that they fit between two fixed endpoints glued to a
large gameboard
placed on the floor. The children can crawl on the board and move the
tracks around. The
objective is to "build as many roads as possible with the tracks" that I
provide them. To make
the entire experience more fun (especially for the younger children), I
also affixed to the board
a miniature "school" area, a miniature "amusement park and zoo" area, a
"lake" area, and a
"mountain" area. These areas are situated so that the tracks can be
constructed between the
areas, and therefore create a very enticing fantasy-play opportunity. This
was a conscious
decision, for my aim is to elicit every type of private speech
use--particularly, "word play",
"emotional expression", "descriptions of ongoing activity", "planning",
"monitoring action",
and the like. I want to have numerous examples of the full range of private
speech productions,
from the most impulsive to the most regulatory, so that I can examine the
conversational
structures and functions developmentally.
The analysis of the videotapes starts with a written transcript of the
speech stream.
This transcript is then used in conjunction with the videotaped speech and
behavior,
and serves as the place to record the codings that are then imposed on the
data.
The first cut is to segment the stream of speech into utterance units. Here
we start to
get quite conceptual already; how shall we define the boundaries? In
general, the
conventions for doing speech analysis are borrowed from linguistics, but
when it comes
to segmenting the flow of speech, developmental psychologists seem to have
invented
their own conventions that best suit their psycholoinguistic needs. My
impression is that
most analysts have adopted a set of criteria that more or less coincides
with sentence
boundaries. For my purposes, this is very helpful, for it divides the data
neatly into
two types: 1) single sentences, sentence fragments, phrases, single words,
and even
nonverbal behavior (such as facial expressions)--all of which are located
within an
utterance's boundaries; and 2) conversation--connections between the
utterance under
investigation and other (adjacent and non-adjacent) utterances--if any.
Since utterance
boundaries are a matter of convention, I would like to see researchers make
a collective,
considered decision about how to slice and dice linguistic data, so that we
can best serve
our research agendas. In my case, the agenda is to test LSV's claims about
the
development of word meaning.
Once the data are segmented into utterance units, each unit can be "tagged"
with attributes
along the following lines: 1) Is it private speech or social speech?
(direction of gaze,
loudness, pitch, intonational contour, content, relation to ongoing
action--all of these are
relevant to making the decision); 2) Is it task-relevant, supportive of
fantasy play, supportive
to self-regulatory action, etc.? (evidence for these functions are
marshalled as well);
and, in my own approach (which very few private speech researchers seem to
share),
I ask: 3) Is the utterance in question part of a conversational sequence?
(form, function,
and content relationships to other utterances and to ongoing activity are
considered);
and 4) What conversational acts (speech acts) can be inferred from the
deployment,
production, and performance of the utterance? (words chosen, grammatical
structure,
literal propositional meaning, inferred meanings of individual words from
sentential context,
conversational context, and context of ongoing activity; other inferred
meanings of
the proposition from conversational context and context of ongoing
activity, etc.).
Naturally, all of this takes training, time, funding, and persistence--none
of which are
going to happen unless researchers are convinced that these (more extreme)
measures
are warranted.
So....if YOU were going to investigate LSV's concept of word meaning,
dipping into the
stream of conversation (or monologue, or narration) at various points in
time to examine
the key qualities that will allow you to determine the level of development
of a child's
activity of communicating (interpersonally or personally) with speech, I
ask you:
doesn't conversation have to be included in such an investigation? Is it
possible
to investigate LSV's claims about word meaning if the data are limited to
just words,
phrases, and sentences? How about the social, interpersonal "exchange"
property?
Words and phrases are just structures, but without conversation to breathe
life
into them, what have you got?
As you can tell, I have several axes to grind!
Thus, conceptual explorations of word meaning need to be tempered against
the
practical and pragmatic concerns involved with implementing and applying
the
concept to data. I am convinced that both theory and practice need one
another
for either one of them to develop.
Now that I've laid bare the methodology for obtaining the data that then
become the
empirical "facts" about word meaning, I would appreciate any help or
suggestions you
might have for improving or deepening the conceptual structure of this
methodology,
so that the "facts" we seek might be more in line with LSV's conception.
Sorry to be so verbose.
Peter
Andy Blunden
<ablunden@mira.ne
t> To
Sent by: "eXtended Mind, Culture, Activity"
xmca-bounces@webe <xmca@weber.ucsd.edu>
r.ucsd.edu cc
Subject
10/29/2009 08:40 Re: [xmca] The Ubiquity of
AM Unicorns: conversation
Please respond to
ablunden@mira.net
; Please respond
to
"eXtended Mind,
Culture,
Activity"
<xmca@weber.ucsd.
edu>
WHat experimental technique do you use, Peter, to observe
private speech?
Andy
Peter Feigenbaum wrote:
Steve--
Thanks for the warm welcome.
I thought my response to the ongoing discussion would be useful,
but I can see that it will take more work on my part to demonstrate
the relevance of what I'm proposing.
I should also add that my orientation to LSV, private speech, and
word meaning is not just conceptual, but also practical. While I truly
enjoy the erudite philosophical discussions on this listserve, and find
them helpful in sharpening up crucial concepts, there is research to be
done to verify these ideas, and that enterprise involves making concrete
decisions about conceptual possibilities.
As for your synopsis of my ISCAR presentation, you did a fine job. All I
would add (and this was not spelled out sufficiently in my presentation)
is a fuller description of the properties that emerge when speaking and
thinking "converge". As I see it, that momentous convergence that LSV
points to is none other than the momentous activity of a child uttering
her first meaningful word. Several aspects of that new activity need to
be made explicit.
First, it's not just thinking and speaking that converge inside a child's
head; the whole activity is a convergence of infant and caregiver as
well.
That is, a child's first word is spoken "to someone", and therefore
constitutes the very first instance of the infant engaging in
interpersonal
conversation--even though the infant is unaware of the rules and
conventions for conducting this new activity. Fortunately, adults step in
and do the work of creating a state of mutual involvement until the child
is competent enough to do so on her own.
Which leads to the second point: if conversational activity is born with
a
child's first meaningful word, then tracking the growth and development
of
conversational understanding and skills needs to be a central aim of
Vygotskian research. Since the convergence of speaking and thinking is
also the same event in which word and meaning come together as one
to form a new activity, tracking conversational development is
intertwined
with the development of word meaning.
To respond to your first question--is word meaning an activity of
"meaning
through language use" or does it refer to a particular psycholinguistic
structure--the answer is: both. Speech communication, word meaning, and
conversation are, in my view, conceptually interchangeable. These terms
all refer to the activity of making meanings with speech sounds. Thus,
particular speech structures are woven into the activity. That's the
great
thing about "activity"--it's a material process involving material
structures,
and from it can come "ideas" and "idealizations"!
If Vygotsky's claims about word meaning and its development are to be
tested using empirical data, then the concept of word meaning needs to be
translated and transposed so that it can take the form of an empirical
methodology--while retaining its basic features. Personally, I don't know
of
one private speech researcher who uses LSV's concept of word meaning
when analyzing speech data--and to me, that suggests something is very
wrong. So I have been focused on augmenting the concept of word meaning
in order to create a corresponding method that can capture word meaning
and its development from a data-analytic perspective. That involves
making
certain conceptual choices, particularly regarding the linguistic units.
Your suggestion that there could be any number of linguistic units that
might
be proposed is certainly valid. My justifications for choosing words,
sentences,
and conversation as the three major levels in the organization of speech
communication are based on both conceptual and pragmatic grounds. We
need a method of studying this phenomenon developmentally from a data
perspective, and this scheme seems tome to be the most workable one.
Does that help clarify my viewpoint?
Peter
-----xmca-bounces@weber.ucsd.edu wrote: -----
To: "eXtended Mind, Culture, Activity" <xmca@weber.ucsd.edu>
From: Steve Gabosch <stevegabosch@me.com>
Sent by: xmca-bounces@weber.ucsd.edu
Date: 10/28/2009 07:19AM
Subject: Re: [xmca] The Ubiquity of Unicorns: conversation
Welcome, Peter! I liked your presentation and paper at ISCAR 2005 a
lot, and am very glad to see you getting involved here on xmca.
Your post outlines a very interesting concept, extending Vygotsky's
concept of word-meaning to the linguistic unit of conversation.
I took a quick re-look at your 2005 paper, A Dialectical Model of
Vygotsky's Theory of Speaking and Thinking. I like the way you
describe Vygotsky's three stages of thinking/speech development, and
the way you propose a fourth that completes the full developmental
"cycle".
Here is a quick synopsis of your paper (in my clumsy terms). As you
describe them, each of these stages takes two 'forms', so to speak, a
speaking form and an intellectual (thinking) form.
The paper describes Vygotsky's three stages of speaking/thinking as:
1) interpersonal speech, which combines the speaking form of external
social speech dialogues, and the intellectual form of implicit
practical thinking;
2) personal speech, which combines the speaking form of external
private speech monologues and the intellectual form of explicit verbal
thinking; and 3) personal speech, which combines the speaking form of
internal inner speech monologues and the intellectual form of explicit
verbal thinking.
To these stages outlined by Vygotsky, you suggest a fourth stage:
4) interpersonal speech, which combines the speaking form of inner
speech/social speech with internal monologues and external dialogues,
and the intellectual forms of explicit and implicit verbal thinking
and practical thinking.
In this post, you extend Vygotsky's concept of word-meaning beyond the
word and the sentence to the conversation as a unit of analysis. A
key element that emerges in the second and third stages of speaking/
thinking development - that element being the monologue, or inner
speech - creates the basis for the fourth stage. And the monologue is
also a key element of how you are looking at conversation. Very
interesting analysis!
Please correct the rough edges of my synopsis - and where I am off-base.
As for considering conversation a "third level" linguistic unit,
following the word and the sentence, I have a naive question. The
term "word-meaning" that Vygotsky uses in Russian - znachenie slova -
as I understand it (via Holbrook Mahn's paper at a recent AERA
conference), means something more like "meaning through language use"
rather than "individual-word-meaning". In this sense, Vygotsky may
not have been referring specifically to any linguistic unit when he
spoke of word-meaning. Yes? No?
As for linguistic units, I have another naive question. Apologies for
using non-technical terms here. We have things like parts of words,
words, phrases, combinations of phrases, sentences, and then perhaps
sequences of directly related sentences. And then, of course, we have
conversations. And the distinctions can get a lot more complicated
than that when we look at syntax. This leads me to ask: what permits
us to say that "words" are one level, "sentences" are a second level,
and that "conversations" are a third? Are we skipping any necessary
levels? Or creating a level that we shouldn't?
I don't mean to undermine the idea of that different structural levels
contain, transmit and transform meaning in qualitatively different
ways. Units smaller than sentences, complete sentences, and
conversations are clearly on very different levels. My question is:
how can it be demonstrated and explained that these three levels are
the right ones for this job?
It would be very sweet and simple if this were the case ...
- Steve
On Oct 27, 2009, at 8:34 AM, Peter Feigenbaum wrote:
Greetings, fellow members of XMCA.
My name is Peter Feigenbaum, and I’m a private speech researcher.
Some of
you may know me from my presentations
at ISCAR. I have been following several of the threads on this
listserve
for the past few weeks (time permitting!), and I
believe I might have something useful to contribute to this particular
topic.
What prompted me to chime in is the frustration expressed by Michael
Glassman regarding how to construct the question
of meaning in such a way that brings “activity and rules systems and
words
all into some type of transactional field”. I have
been working on an augmentation of LSV’s analysis of “word meaning”
that
might be just what Michael’s seeking.
In LSV’s day, the field of linguistics recognized only two structures
capable of subserving speech communication: words
and sentences. But there is a third linguistic structure that
entered the
discipline several decades ago and, although it is
still marginal as opposed to mainstream, it has the potential to
transform
our concept of word meaning and to enable us
to devise a methodological unit of analysis that can track this
activity
throughout childhood. I am referring to: conversation.
Most linguists and developmental psychologists don’t think of
conversation
as a linguistic structure; instead, they regard
it more as a social or even behavioral activity that happens to be
useful
in organizing the interpersonal exchange of
linguistic utterances. But once you get past the obvious turn-taking
conventions that regulate the superficial participatory
structure of speech communication, you find a deeper set of rules that
govern how participants are expected to “think”.
For example, most cultures have a tacit rule about “sticking to the
topic”.
If you have ever doubted such a rule, just try
speaking in non-sequiturs and see how far you get before the listener
gently suggests you consider checking in to rehab.
In 1977, C.O. Frake asserted that, in order to become a competent
communicator with speech, it is not sufficient to know
how to speak grammatically, or even sensibly; one must also know how
to
speak “appropriately”. Are there rules for social
appropriateness with speech? Dell Hymes thought so. In 1962 he
proposed
that ethnographers go out and record what he
called an “ethnography of speaking” for every culture. By that he
meant “a
specification of what kinds of things to say, in
what message forms, to what kinds of people, in what kinds of
situations”.
Consider, by way of example, “familiar” and
“formal” verb endings in French, Spanish, Italian, and other
languages. So
powerful is the influence of formal and familiar
social relations and social situations on our conversations that these
relations ended up being institutionalized in language
in the form of their very own words! (And pity the person who
missteps and
uses terms that are reserved for familiars in
the context of a formal situation).
More importantly, however, there are two other fundamental
structures of
conversation that make it tremendously advantageous
to include conversation as the third “layer” in Vygotsky’s analysis
of word
meaning: one is the division of conversation into
alternating “speaking” and “listening” roles, and the other is the
“initiation-response” structure of conversation, which obliges
speakers and listeners to play certain proscribed functional roles
on their
respective turns at talk. In fact, the real power of
conversation lies in the initiation-response structure, IMHO, which
defines
(implicitly) how two utterances are related in
a conversational sequence. The very best illustration that I know of
is the
question-answer pair, which uses the cultural
convention of initiation-response to set up a predictable cognitive
relationship between the two utterances. Once a child
learns how questions are conventionally related to answers, and how
answers
are conventionally related to questions
(as in the TV game show, Jeopardy), he or she becomes capable of, and
attentive to, using questions strategically—yes,
I mean consciously, volitionally, and deliberately—to get at desired
answers. The initiation-response structure of conversation
has all of the linguistic properties that are necessary for a
speaker to be
able to use one utterance to get at another. This is
the basis for the self-regulatory, self-reflective, self-monitoring
qualities of private speech--in its later stages.
In Chapter 7 of Thought and Language, LSV walks through his analysis
of
word meaning, which follows the same path as
the ontogenetic development of verbal thinking, or inner speech. In
the
final step of the movement "inward" from word
to thought, LSV refers to Stanislavky's approach to word meanings that
highlights the role of the speaker's communicative
intentions. LSV ends that topic with the claim, "To understand
another's
speech, it is not sufficient to understand his words--
we must understand his thought. But even that is not enough--we must
also
know its motivation. No psychological analysis
of an utterance is complete until that plane is reached." I believe
this
gets at the heart of Michael (Glassman's) concerns.
To know what a speaker's utterance "means", a listener/data analyst
must
consult the words and their lexical meanings,
the sentence (in which the words are embedded) and its propositional
(literal) meaning, the sentence's grammatical
structure, the conversational context (related utterances, prior
topics,
etc.), and the situational context in order to appropriately
infer the speaker's intention. Only after answering the ultimate
"why did
he say that?" can a listener come close to grasping
what the speaker "meant". Incidentally, my mentor, John Dore, an
analyst of
the development of children's conversational
skills and competencies, created a coding scheme for capturing a
speaker's
communicative intentions. He applied
John Searle's analysis of "speech acts" to conversation, enabling a
data
analyst to identify the "conversational acts"
produced by speakers on an utterance-by-utterance basis.
There is much more that conversation lends to Vygotsky's analysis of
word
meaning--besides the "transactional space"
it provides in which word meanings are exchanged--but I won't take
any more
time or space here. I fear I’ve already worn out
my welcome! Let me just end by saying that Chapter 7 of Thought and
Language confused me for the longest time by its
references to the movement from “outside to inside”, from “word to
thought”. But once I began to cast this movement in terms
of basic conversational roles, it became clear (to me, at least)
that LSV
was referring all along to the activity of *listening*
(i.e., word > thought)--as opposed to the activity of speaking (i.e.,
thought > word), which embodies the reverse movement.
No wonder he likened his investigation of "thinking" to that of
astronomers
studying "the dark side of the moon"--listening
is certainly the "dark side" of speaking!
Thanks for your indulgence. Hope this helps, Michael.
Best wishes to all,
Peter
P.S. If anyone cares to hear more about this, such as how the
addition of
the conversational layer affects LSV's analysis
of the *development* of word meaning, I would be more than happy to
come to
your university in person and deliver a
presentation on the topic! (I've been very busy lately developing this
idea.)
Peter Feigenbaum, Ph.D.
Associate Director of Institutional Research
Fordham University
Thebaud Hall-202
Bronx, NY 10458
Phone: (718) 817-2243
Fax: (718) 817-3203
e-mail: pfeigenbaum@fordham.edu
"Michael
Glassman"
<MGlassman@ehe.os To
u.edu> "eXtended Mind, Culture,
Activity"
Sent by: <xmca@weber.ucsd.edu>
xmca-
bounces@webe cc
r.ucsd.edu
Subject
RE: [xmca] The Ubiquity of
Unicorns
10/24/2009 11:42
AM
Please respond to
"eXtended Mind,
Culture,
Activity"
<xmca@weber.ucsd.
edu>
Hi Michael,
I have been mulling over your question about meaning for the last day
trying to figure out how to convey it in a way that bring activity and
rules systems, and words all into some type of transactional field.
I have
been feeling trapped because as soon as I say what meaning means I am
reifying it, from an objective, almost realist perspective. It is so
damned hard to escape the realist and idealist traps that are lurking
everywhere. If I was going to describe what meaning is I would have
to do
it through showing an activity where meaning is determined by
transient and
yet very powerful rule systems (perhaps an addendum to Marx's false
consciousness). Then this morning I came across the column
"We Know What he Means" by a very good columnist named Bob Herbert.
I hope
this link goes through.
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/24/opinion/24herbert.html?_r=1&ref=opinion
Meaning is definitely being established by Guiliani and Bloomberg in
theses
sequence of events. Words are being used as instruments (some might
say
weapons) to achieve a goal. The fact that those who speaks the
words, and
probably many of those who listen, do not in any way agree with the
superficial aspects of the conversation (e.g. New York is in danger of
becoming 1967 Detroit) very specific meanings are at the same time
being
established in order to achieve goals. What is interesting is that I
wonder how people who don't know the rules around urban politics
would take
the words - and I would suggest that the words actually have a much
more
delimited meaning to them. However if those individual continued
reading
Bob Herbert's columns for a year, or good Herbert and racial
politics, they
would I believe be able to get the same meaning as those who are
from New
York.
Michael
________________________________
From: xmca-bounces@weber.ucsd.edu on behalf of Wolff-Michael Roth
Sent: Fri 10/23/2009 3:58 PM
To: eXtended Mind, Culture, Activity
Subject: Re: [xmca] The Ubiquity of Unicorns
Hi Michael,
you must have misunderstood me. We have two interconnected orders,
one of sound patterns, which we hear or read as words, the other one
some world generally. I didn't write about "meaning" because I don't
(try to) use it, because it is overused and abused. The two orders
are interwoven, and a sound can change the other order, "Step aside"
may get a person to move and therefore the world changes, but it also
may earn you a fist on the nose, and the two effects are different.
I think Wittgenstein and especially later philosophers would agree
that there is NO system of rules sufficient to explain language in
use, which was precisely the point in the discussion between Derrida
and Searle on speech act theory, and the various interpreters of the
exchange, as people like Culler and Habermas subsequently further
elaborate.
The rules themselves are made as we go, and this is what I attempt to
capture (at least in part) with the notion of con/texture and con/
texting, where text not only "means" but also establishes the very
context within which it definitively "means" (to use your verb). (See
I can mention use, thereby also use, and the difference between
mention and use becomes undecidable, in the very sentence preceding
this parenthesis.)
I have no idea in which sense you use "meaning". What does someone
understand when they understand the "meaning". What is "meaning"? The
trouble is with the word that users point to something obliquely.
What is the "meaning" of Bildung?
Michael
On 23-Oct-09, at 11:23 AM, Michael Glassman wrote:
But Michael,
Isn't this taking something of a realist approach to words? That is
that certain words mean certain things, which the reader can actually
know and therefore use to help interpret of the meaning of the text
around them. This means that there are certain words that can be
known and can't be known, based on experience. I am thinking of
Wittgenstein's observation of the chess game, where if you saw two
people playing from a distance you would think they were playing the
same game with the same rules you were playing, but this is only an
assumption, because they do not share the community's understanding
of the rules. But I am thinking that Wittgenstein saw this more as
an issue of cultural capital rather than absolute knowledge. If it
is important to teach an individual the rules of the game you can
teach them. I think somebody like Rorty might argue that this was
inevitable as long as the players, those reading the text, were
interested and active in the understanding. When an individual
writes a text he is writing at least to some degree to teach what all
the meanings of the word are. So somebody reading a text reads the
word Bildung in the text, he or she is confused, but is interested in
understanding. They return to the text again as they attempt to get
their horizon to meet with the author's (hat tip to Gadamer). In the
end the reader may not be able to describe Bildung outside of the
text, outside of the authors specific vision. And may not be able to
describe it to somebody who is not sharing that particular horizon.
But they understand the meaning and the role that word is playing in
the text in an important way.
Michael
________________________________
From: xmca-bounces@weber.ucsd.edu on behalf of Wolff-Michael Roth
Sent: Fri 10/23/2009 2:04 PM
To: eXtended Mind, Culture, Activity
Subject: Re: [xmca] The Ubiquity of Unicorns
Hi,
On 23-Oct-09, at 10:51 AM, ERIC.RAMBERG@spps.org wrote:
consciousness has developed. David Kellogg has provided numerous
examples
of how native Korean speaking people do not grasp basic concepts of
the
english language. Some of the low achieving students I work with have
I think, with Heidegger, Derrida, Rorty, Wittgenstein, Davidson,
Deleuze, and others, that the difference between knowing a language
and knowing one's way around the (cultural) world is undecidable.
Concepts are not just concepts of English language, they are
irreducibly interwoven with the way of life.
This is why Anglo-Saxons tend to have difficulties with activity
(Tätigkeit, deyate'nost) and activity (Aktivität, aktivnost'). This
is why there is no concept like Bildung, because in the conduct of
life of Anglo-Saxons, there is no equivalent segmentation to which
the concept could refer, and there is no inter-concept relation where
such a distinction would be useful.
I do find the concept of "concept" problematic, because it is being
used on this list without working out just what it stands for. (in
general use, it appears like meaning that is somehow related to
words.)
Michale_______________________________________________
xmca mailing list
xmca@weber.ucsd.edu
http://dss.ucsd.edu/mailman/listinfo/xmca
<winmail.dat>_______________________________________________
xmca mailing list
xmca@weber.ucsd.edu
http://dss.ucsd.edu/mailman/listinfo/xmca
_______________________________________________
xmca mailing list
xmca@weber.ucsd.edu
http://dss.ucsd.edu/mailman/listinfo/xmca
_______________________________________________
xmca mailing list
xmca@weber.ucsd.edu
http://dss.ucsd.edu/mailman/listinfo/xmca
_______________________________________________
xmca mailing list
xmca@weber.ucsd.edu
http://dss.ucsd.edu/mailman/listinfo/xmca
_______________________________________________
xmca mailing list
xmca@weber.ucsd.edu
http://dss.ucsd.edu/mailman/listinfo/xmca
------------------------------------------------------------------------
_______________________________________________
xmca mailing list
xmca@weber.ucsd.edu
http://dss.ucsd.edu/mailman/listinfo/xmca
--
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Andy Blunden http://www.erythrospress.com/
Classics in Activity Theory: Hegel, Leontyev, Meshcheryakov,
Ilyenkov $20 ea
_______________________________________________
xmca mailing list
xmca@weber.ucsd.edu
http://dss.ucsd.edu/mailman/listinfo/xmca