Re: [xmca] NYT article on DSM

Steve,

I wonder about relation between having certain behavior included in the book and being able to tap into the health industry capital.   What interests motivate here? 

On a harmonic note:  A recent survey (N=2000) found the 46% of females interviewed would give up sex for two weeks before giving up internet access, while only 30% of males would do the same. But how does one interpret this result.  The report didn't break it down by age groups but again I wonder:  Does this show a gendered preference for the internet perhaps reflecting Deborah Tannen's ideas about male v. female orientation to communication or does it reflection an unequal satisfaction with sex between men and women?  Or maybe it's a pathology requiring treatment?

Paul .

--- On Fri, 12/19/08, Steve Gabosch <stevegabosch@me.com> wrote:
From: Steve Gabosch <stevegabosch@me.com>
Subject: [xmca] NYT article on DSM
To: "Activity eXtended Mind Culture" <xmca@weber.ucsd.edu>
Date: Friday, December 19, 2008, 4:12 AM

I don't at all want to detract from discussing Helena's paper,
Vygotsky's Thinking and Speech, Leontiev, motive, Peter and Anna's
paper, sociology ... but this article on the DSM that appeared in
yesterday's NY Times might be of interest to some, so I didn't want to
let it pass by. The DSM is a bay window into the crisis of psychology.

- Steve

NY Times
December 18, 2008
Psychiatrists Revise the Book of Human Troubles

By BENEDICT CAREY
The book is at least three years away from publication, but it is already
stirring bitter debates over a new set of possible psychiatric disorders.

Is compulsive shopping a mental problem? Do children who continually recoil
from sights and sounds suffer from sensory problems — or just need extra
attention? Should a fetish be considered a mental disorder, as many now are?

Panels of psychiatrists are hashing out just such questions, and their answers
— to be published in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders — will have consequences for insurance
reimbursement, research and individuals’ psychological identity for years to
come.

The process has become such a contentious social and scientific exercise that
for the first time the book’s publisher, the American Psychiatric Association,
has required its contributors to sign a nondisclosure agreement.

The debate is particularly intense because the manual is both a medical
guidebook and a cultural institution. It helps doctors make a diagnosis and
provides insurance companies with diagnostic codes without which the insurers
will not reimburse patients’ claims for treatment.

The manual — known by its initials and edition number, DSM-V — often
organizes symptoms under an evocative name. Labels like obsessive-compulsive
disorderhave connotations in the wider culture and for an individual’s
self-perception.

“This is not cardiology or nephrology, where the basic diseases are well
known,” said Edward Shorter, a leading historian of psychiatry whose latest
book, “BeforeProzac,” is critical of the manual. “In psychiatry no one
knows the causes of anything, so classification can be driven by all sorts of
factors” — political, social and financial.

“What you have in the end,” Mr. Shorter said, “is this process of sorting
the deck of symptoms into syndromes, and the outcome all depends on how the
cards fall.”

Psychiatrists involved in preparing the new manual contend that it is too early
to say for sure which cards will be added and which dropped.

The current edition of the manual, which was published in 2000, describes 283
disorders — about triple the number in the first edition, published in 1952.

The scientists updating the manual have been meeting in small groups focusing
on categories like mood disorders and substance abuse — poring over the latest
scientific studies to clarify what qualifies as a disorder and what might
distinguish one disorder from another. They have much more work to do, members
say, before providing recommendations to a 28-member panel that will gather in
closed meetings to make the final editorial changes.

Experts say that some of the most crucial debates are likely to include gender
identity, diagnoses of illness involving children, and addictions like shopping
and eating.

“Many of these are going to involve huge fights, I expect,” said Dr.
Michael First, a professor of psychiatry at Columbia who edited the fourth
edition of the manual but is not involved in the fifth.

One example, Dr. First said, is binge eating, now in the manual’s appendix as
a tentative category.

“A lot of people want that included in the manual,” Dr. First said, “and
there’s some research out there, some evidence that drugs are helpful. But
binge eating is also a normal behavior, and you run the risk of labeling up to
30 percent of people with a disorder they don’t really have.”

The debate over gender identity, characterized in the manual as “strong and
persistent cross-gender identification,” is already burning hot among
transgender people. Soon after the psychiatric association named the group of
researchers working on sexual and gender identity, advocates circulated online
petitions objecting to two members whose work they considered demeaning.

Transgender people are themselves divided about their place in the manual. Some
transgender men and women want nothing to do with psychiatry and demand that the
diagnosis be dropped. Others prefer that it remain, in some form, because a
doctor’s written diagnosis is needed to obtain insurance coverage for
treatment or surgery.

“The language needs to be reformed, at a minimum,” said Mara Keisling,
executive director of the National Center for Transgender Equity. “Right now,
the manual implies that you cannot be a happy transgender person, that you have
to be a social wreck.”

Dr. Jack Drescher, a New York psychoanalyst and member of the sexual disorders
work group, said that, in some ways, the gender identity debate echoed efforts
to remove homosexuality from the manual in the 1970s.

After protests by gay activists provoked a scientific review, the
“homosexuality” diagnosis was dropped in 1973. It was replaced by “sexual
orientation disturbance” and then “ego-dystonic homosexuality” before
being dropped in 1987.

“You had, in my opinion, what was a social issue, not a medical one; and, in
some sense, psychiatry evolved through interaction with the wider culture,”
Dr. Drescher said.

The American Psychiatric Association says the contributors’ nondisclosure
agreement is meant to allow the revisions to begin without distraction and to
prevent authors from making deals to write casebooks or engage in other projects
based on the deliberations without working through the association.

In a phone interview, Dr. Darrel A. Regier, the psychiatric association’s
research director, who with Dr. David Kupfer of the University of Pittsburgh is
co-chairman of the task force, said that experts working on the manual had
presented much of their work in scientific conferences.

“But you need to synthesize what you’re doing and make it coherent before
having that discussion,” Dr. Regier said. “Nobody wants to put a rough draft
or raw data up on the Web.”

Some critics, however, say the secrecy is inappropriate.

“When I first heard about this agreement, I just went bonkers,” said Dr.
Robert Spitzer, a psychiatry professor at Columbia and the architect of the
third edition of the manual. “Transparency is necessary if the document is to
have credibility, and, in time, you’re going to have people complaining all
over the place that they didn’t have the opportunity to challenge anything.”

Scientists who accepted the invitation to work on the new manual — a
prestigious assignment — agreed to limit their income from drug makers and
other sources to $10,000 a year for the duration of the job. “That’s more
conservative” than the rules at many agencies and universities, Dr. Regier
said.

This being the diagnostic manual, where virtually every sentence is likely to
be scrutinized, critics have said that the policy is not strict enough. They
have long suspected that pharmaceutical money subtly influences authors’
decisions.

Industry influence was questioned after a surge in diagnoses of bipolar
disorder in young children. Once thought to affect only adults and adolescents,
the disorder in children was recently promoted by psychiatrists on drug
makers’ payrolls.

The team working on childhood disorders is expected to debate the merits of
adding pediatric bipolar as a distinct diagnosis, experts say. It is also
expected to discuss whether Asperger’s syndrome, a developmental disorder,
should be merged with high-functioning autism. The two are virtually identical,
but bear different social connotations.

The same team is likely to make a recommendation on so-called sensory
processing disorder, a vague label for a poorly understood but disabling
childhood behavior. Parent groups and some researchers want recognition in the
manual in order to help raise money for research and obtain insurance coverage
of expensive treatments.

“I know that some are pushing very hard to get that in,” Dr. First said,
“and they believe they have been warmly received. But you just never know for
sure, of course, until the thing is published.”

In all, it is a combination of suspense, mystery and prepublication controversy
that many publishers would die for. The psychiatric association knows it has a
corner on the market and a blockbuster series. The last two editions sold more
than 830,000 copies each.

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Received on Fri Dec 19 04:43:49 2008