There's another point that was raised by Bill, and later Hiroake involving
the idea of institution mediated mind and choice. Exactly how much free
will is there, how much purpose can we really associate with individuals
if it is the institution that is guiding activity. I don't know, but it
seems to me that there is always choice and individual purpose and choice
on some level, but the more dominant the institution in the social system,
the more you forget that the choice is there. To explain this I need
to combine two theorists in a very half baked way (the aforementioned
Leontiev and Habermas). Okay, say you are in a family and you have the
motive of having your family line continue. Your purpose is to teach
your child how to survive. Your goals involve making sure he or she
has all the important survival knowledge. If it is only the family,
you teach your child to draw water and chop wood. All of a sudden
a village sprouts up around you. The idea of survival in the village
becomes more difficult because roles are divided (i.e., division of labor).
You do not know if you any longer have the ability to meet your goals.
Other parents have the same worry. They appoint a teacher. You as a
parent have the same motive, but you give discretion of purpose and goals
over to the teacher. This is a free choice you make, although the increased
complexity of your village, and the ostracism you would face from the
other villagers if you did not make that choice, make the choice more
or less inevitable. Then a city sprouts up around the village. Teaching
survival becomes too complex for the individual teacher. The teacher
goes to the city center and meets with all other teachers, and gives
discretion over purpose and goals to a head teacher. There is the birth
of an educational institution, which "seems" to take on a life of its own.
It may continue to develop like this for years, for decades. But if you
trace it back it goes to individual choice, and it continues to be the
indivdual's choice to participate (even though as the distance between
motive and purpose grows this may not be so obvious). There is an
institution, but the institution is simply made up of individuals
passing purpose on to more and more distributed labors. Which is
why I called it purposeful.
I have written much too much, and I apologize.
Michael Glassman
University of Houston