[Xmca-l] Re: Covid as World Perezhivanie? 'What is to be done?'
Mary van der Riet
VanDerRiet@ukzn.ac.za
Mon Apr 27 03:53:57 PDT 2020
Thanks for the rich discussion about whether we need governments in order to change behaviour, and Mike's question of 'what is to be done?'
Well, governments have tried to change cognitive frames (conceptual frameworks about germs, infection, etc), and increase 'knowledge', which are meant to mediate a different kind of individual activity (wash your hands for 20 seconds, cough into your elbow, seek out testing if you think you might be positive, isolate yourself etc). I assume these are calling on what someone referred to as encouraging people to 'make the sensible choice', or nudge individual actions.
In addition, and possibly because people don't respond, or don't understand, or don't want to change, other rules, laws, etc have been developed: Mandating social distancing, the wearing of masks, closing schools, restricting funerals, quarantining those who test positive have already changed individual behaviour by making some things possible and other things not (just as when people do not obey a speed limit you create a condition on the road like a speed hump which makes the action of speeding less likely; or you restrict smoking to certain spaces)
Some of these regulations have the effect of changing behaviour when an individual does not want to or cannot (as in an addiction - the regulation of smoking spaces has in SA lead to fewer people smoking).
Billboards about HIV were less effective in changing behaviour - they changed knowledge, but not behaviour. Knowledge/awareness did not lead to a significant change in behaviour. This is partly because actions within sexual relationships, are so dependent on other things such as who has more power, or say, in a relationship (gender norms), goals and desires of the activity (young people prioritising status and power through sexual prowess). All of these things seem to be very irrational, and not the 'sensible choice'. Young people stay in relationships (in which they have no power to protect themselves from HIV) because somehow it is more important to be in a relationship. Very confusing for researchers, and part of the reason why we still have such an issue with HIV.
We cant regulate the having of sex, we can only make available the means for protection, free condoms in as many places as possible. This increases the likelihood of 'protected' sex. But we also need to know a lot about the activity - if sex happens multiple times, one condom is not enough; if the clinic staff look askance at you for taking a condom, you will take fewer;
We can't completely regulate people's contact with each other, but we can flood the environment with tools (hand santisers, masks, wash basins) to make the health safety actions more possible.
To come to the point of 'trust' in a government. I agree that it needs to be there. Ironically today is the 26th anniversary of South Africa's 'freedom' - the day of our first democratic and racially inclusive elections. Over these last years our level of trust in the government has been challenged (with corruption, poor service delivery, political infighting). But today we are more proud of our current president than ever. I've just seen a youtube take on a comparison between Pres Ramaphosa and Pres Trump. Its funny, but also sad.
Today we have less internal South African politicking that every before. Our president has been decisive and shown leadership, including R500billion relief package for small businesses and poor people. That is a huge relief. We are perhaps in the process of what Anne-Nelly referred as necessary for building trust: 'Trust has to be constructed, gained, felt, experienced, informed, verified, questioned,shared, etc.'
We seem to have a government now who desires to re-orientate itself (embark on 'radical economic transformation', enabling it to protect the poor, provide services (water, housing, employment), and, I really hope Anne Nelly, that this does come to be . There is a movement to local support of the poor (in the sense of financial contributions, or food donations), but how does this become institutionalised (beyond the immediate crisis context)? It is hard to see how individual agency can change if immediate socio-economic conditions make one vulnerable.
And, not everybody experiences the government as benevolent. We have had evictions of 'squatters' from land (during the lockdown), we have had police and army brutality during the enforcement of lockdown regulations. We have also had an increase in poverty and the numbers of people living below the breadline. This is really distressing. And we have not even experienced the worse. 168 643 tested, 4546 positive cases, 87 recorded deaths.
btw Andy, my mother was a doctor in the time of the polio epidemic in SA and remembers the closure of swimming pools; and the vaccination programmes in schools. The social memory which seems to be being called on now is that related to SARS, H1N1 and Ebola. I suppose we have learnt something from that, but was that experience mostly localised to specific contexts, its not a dominant memory here.
Mary
Mary van der Riet (Phd), Associate Professor
Discipline of Psychology, School of Applied Human Sciences, College of Humanities, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
email: vanderriet@ukzn.ac.za tel: +27 33 260 6163
________________________________
From: xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu <xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu> on behalf of mike cole <mcole@ucsd.edu>
Sent: Sunday, 26 April 2020 19:25
To: eXtended Mind, Culture, Activity <xmca-l@mailman.ucsd.edu>
Subject: [Xmca-l] Re: Covid as World Perezhivanie?
Tough questions, Mary. Following upon Derek's note on my screen, it seemed that the evidence for an empirical evidence concerning your question
about the motives of individual members of society when faced with visible versus invisible. Does it require a government to coerce people who fail
"to get it?" I think in arguing that "The origin of actions/activity do/does not reside in cognition," emotions are the origin and in the case
of a pandemic fear seems to be a sure bet. But in converting from, say, terror to reasoned action, cognition is certainly becomes involved,
where cognition is understood to be "distributed, embodied, saturated with meanings and senses, etc."
It seems that the challenge is to make the invisible, visible. Its the same principle as in discussions, of say, of the way that racism in American classrooms works in the activity as an invisible contributor to the structure of the ongoing flow of events. Several generations of ethnographers and novelists and film makers have in fact been able to make that process visible -- visible, and thus a possible object of activity to those are able to re-organize their ideologically given understand of their experience and the way the world works.
A government, or some sort of "governmentality," seems essential. It seems we see several distinct models when we look at how visibility is accomplished in a wide variety of current world circumstances, as reporting from several parts of the world here testify.
Thanks to all of those who have taken time to describe the local circumstances.
The question of "what action" (the very "what is to be done") that the Russians contemplated a century ago.
Its the question that Anne-Nelly invited people to answer on behalf of Latour. Its a question I am asking myself, as the
hour glass runs out and others have been discussing.
I am no more certain than Anne-Nelly. And the hour glass could be sneezed upon any day now.
mike
On Sun, Apr 26, 2020 at 1:42 AM Mary van der Riet <VanDerRiet@ukzn.ac.za<mailto:VanDerRiet@ukzn.ac.za>> wrote:
I am struck in all of these conversations of the similarities with the HIV pandemic . We face these issues daily in the Southern African region (the highest prevalence of HIV globally).
We say 'it depends on us', and revert to information sharing, and dependence on cognitive shifts and adaptations (all of the old behaviour change theories Theory of Reasoned Action; Health Belief Models)- see the risk, know what the risk means, know how to prevent it, and make changes to your behaviour in order to protect yourself.
All of this is relevant for the COVID 10 pandemic, and much of it is not working. We as educated adults see the risk, know the risk, know how to protect ourselves (to the degree that scientists have informed us, and to the degree that science knows about the transmission) and yet it is really hard to change behaviour, to 'believe' that this is real
And what does it mean for action? It means people don't social distance, don't use masks, see themselves as infallible etc.
The origin of actions/activity do/does not reside in cognition...we know that from Activity theory, CHAT, etc.
In the HIV pandemic in SA, there are still people who believe that you are fine if you cant see the symptoms (loss of weight, skin conditions, diarrohea - a fallacy by the way). A taxi driver said he would rather have HIV than Covid 19 because he could 'see' that someone was or was not HIV positive, but he is scared of Covid 19 because he cant 'see' it. Same discourse, same consequences.
Then there was a period in SA where HIV public health messaging was about showing coffins, and symbols of death to try to get people to take in the seriousness of it all. Do we find this now? are those more directly infected (someone in their family, seeing someone ill with Covid 19 - doctors, nurses)- more convinced about the nature of the problem). Perhaps not for some in the USA protesting this viral hoax. So, what changes behaviour?
The question is the same - what is the motive that drives the health protection actions of individuals? The origin of behaviour is not individual cognition.
Uganda was seen to have been so effective in reducing HIV incidence because it made HIV a notifiable disease. Is this draconian? Does it infringe on individual rights? [In SA we have not done that, we have a constitutional right to control and manage and keep private our HIV status; AND we have huge levels of stigma (extreme fear of going for an HIV test in a university context because people will 'see you there, and think you are HIV positive). At the same time, young women at universities are afraid of unplanned pregnancies because they are visible, (unlike HIV), and evidence of sexual activity. So, contradictions and tensions in practices around sexual activity in the context of 'risk' or vulnerability to HIV.] Governments who can instruct people how to behave (ie take the responsibility away from the individual) seem to have had more control over the spread of the virus (SA during lockdown). So a rule or a law which governs individual actions (and creating the context for an action, prescribing what might be 'afforded' in the context) might be more effective that the individual 'making a decision'
If condom use amongst young people is not a 'norm' it is difficult for one person to engage with condom use.
Do we need governments to set up the conditions for the actions of individuals?
Mary
Mary van der Riet (Phd), Associate Professor
Discipline of Psychology, School of Applied Human Sciences, College of Humanities, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
email: vanderriet@ukzn.ac.za<mailto:vanderriet@ukzn.ac.za> tel: +27 33 260 6163
________________________________
From: xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu<mailto:xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu> <xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu<mailto:xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu>> on behalf of Julian Williams <julian.williams@manchester.ac.uk<mailto:julian.williams@manchester.ac.uk>>
Sent: Saturday, 25 April 2020 20:24
To: eXtended Mind, Culture, Activity <xmca-l@mailman.ucsd.edu<mailto:xmca-l@mailman.ucsd.edu>>
Subject: [Xmca-l] Re: Covid as World Perezhivanie?
Martin, David
Yes a lot depends... on ‘us’.
Check out the report, where you can see how much was ‘predicted’ years ago, even the possible public outrage ensuing government failures ; but yes my decisive, main point was not to predict, but to ACT.
David I agree the bioscience issues are important, but bear in mind that our sloppy public health systems globally ( eg with wild life markets) expose humanity to many new viruses ( they estimate 2-4 new viruses per year) - our relations and actions shape this threat.
Then also not just immediately, but imaginatively, to play with models (and not just those reductive epidemiologists’ ‘predictions’) .. but to imagineer a world subject that can act in future to tackle essentially GLOBAL challenges.
Best wishes
Julian
On 25 Apr 2020, at 18:10, Martin Packer <mpacker@cantab.net<mailto:mpacker@cantab.net>> wrote:
That’s the problem with predicting - it all depends! :)
Yes, coronavirus may become endemic, like flu or the common cold or something worse.
Or a vaccine may be developed.
Or if 4 in 5 are somehow naturally resistant, and if most of the 1 in 5 who become infected develop immunity as a result, the incidence of covid could drop dramatically.
Or we could all drink disinfectant.
Martin
On Apr 25, 2020, at 11:49 AM, David H Kirshner <dkirsh@lsu.edu<mailto:dkirsh@lsu.edu>> wrote:
It is possible that the virus is eradicated, like SARS was, but that’s increasingly unlikely.
More likely is that “2019-nCoV joins the four coronaviruses now circulating in people. ‘I can imagine a scenario where this becomes a fifth endemic human coronavirus,’ said Stephen Morse of Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health, an epidemiologist and expert on emerging infectious diseases.”
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.statnews.com/2020/02/04/two-scenarios-if-new-coronavirus-isnt-contained/__;!!Mih3wA!UFsZcFCaWdV0trA0hP7V0G--ECgjtBkfZbVjLgLLFP3Ge6jw9Cdqz238oQMj1O3z1oXPnA$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://protect-za.mimecast.com/s/KFH5CLgBWNSPwqolCq1ggk?domain=urldefense.com__;!!Mih3wA!UFsZcFCaWdV0trA0hP7V0G--ECgjtBkfZbVjLgLLFP3Ge6jw9Cdqz238oQMj1O3BqNg6_A$ >
The fact that such a large proportion of people who contract the virus are asymptomatic make this one very hard to contain. Of course, the possibility of a vaccine would greatly reduce its human toll.
David
From: xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu<mailto:xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu> <xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu<mailto:xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu>> On Behalf Of Martin Packer
Sent: Saturday, April 25, 2020 11:14 AM
To: eXtended Mind, Culture, Activity <xmca-l@mailman.ucsd.edu<mailto:xmca-l@mailman.ucsd.edu>>
Subject: [Xmca-l] Re: Covid as World Perezhivanie?
David,
There is talk about the possible eradication of the virus in Australia and New Zealand, from what I have read. Eradication is difficult when no one has resistance, but not impossible. Other virus infections have been eradicated, as far as one can tell, such as smallpox.
In Wuhan, where the infections started, which is a city of around 11 million people, less that 70,000 cases were reported. Even if that is vastly underreported by a factor of 10 it is less than 10%. And studies in California suggest that only 1 in 5 have been infected, of whom 60% have not experienced any symptoms. Only around 5% need hospitalization.
Martin
On Apr 25, 2020, at 10:46 AM, David H Kirshner <dkirsh@lsu.edu<mailto:dkirsh@lsu.edu>> wrote:
Martin,
The scenario you sketched out is what I’d thought would/could happen, but the epidemiologists don’t ever talk about eradicating the virus, they just talk about slowing the spread so as not to overwhelm health care facilities. Eventually, everyone who can get it will get it. So a generation of older and weaker people will be adversely affected, many dying. It’s only in the next generation when most people have gotten it young that it will fade into the background, like the common cold.
David
From: xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu<mailto:xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu> <xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu<mailto:xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu>> On Behalf Of Martin Packer
Sent: Saturday, April 25, 2020 7:42 AM
To: eXtended Mind, Culture, Activity <xmca-l@mailman.ucsd.edu<mailto:xmca-l@mailman.ucsd.edu>>
Subject: [Xmca-l] Re: Covid as World Perezhivanie?
Julian,
If no efforts are made to contain a virus it will move through a population in a single wave, infecting many people and then disappearing as no more potential hosts are available.
If efforts to contain it — lockdown — are adequate there will be a single much smaller wave, followed again by elimination as hosts are not available.
If containment is not effective — if people don’t isolate sufficiently — there may be a second wave when the containment is reduced. Or the first wave may not be controlled.
As you say, each country is responding differently. Australia seems close to eliminating the virus after a single wave. The US and UK are somewhere between starting a second wave and still being in a poorly controlled first wave. Colombia seems to be still moving up its first wave.
The behavior of a virus can be modeled, but only on the basis of assumptions about how people are going to behave. Since we cannot predict this behavior, we cannot even predict how the virus will or will not spread, let alone the political, economic and social consequences.
To say this is not to be pessimistic; pessimism would be predicting a dire outcome. Rather, it highlights that the outcome lies in all our hands.
Martin
On Apr 25, 2020, at 1:43 AM, Julian Williams <julian.williams@manchester.ac.uk<mailto:julian.williams@manchester.ac.uk>> wrote:
Andy/Greg
Each nation state appears to be ‘playing’ the pandemic in different ways (eg China, Italy, Australia, NZ, Sweden, UK, USA,… check out attached report which comes from https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://pandemic.internationalsos.com/2019-ncov__;!!Mih3wA!UFsZcFCaWdV0trA0hP7V0G--ECgjtBkfZbVjLgLLFP3Ge6jw9Cdqz238oQMj1O2QSX3htQ$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://protect-za.mimecast.com/s/sVpKCNx1WPSNPLnwSRaJAo?domain=urldefense.com__;!!Mih3wA!UFsZcFCaWdV0trA0hP7V0G--ECgjtBkfZbVjLgLLFP3Ge6jw9Cdqz238oQMj1O29Y-lvpg$ > I get one of these reports every few days) while sometimes looking to other countries to see how their numbers are growing/falling (and mostly making a damn poor job of it).
Before this all got going, the scientists already had a pretty good idea how a pandemic works, and even what needed to be done to prepare for it: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/24/revealed-uk-ministers-were-warned-last-year-of-risks-of-coronavirus-pandemic__;!!Mih3wA!UFsZcFCaWdV0trA0hP7V0G--ECgjtBkfZbVjLgLLFP3Ge6jw9Cdqz238oQMj1O2kO1j19w$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://protect-za.mimecast.com/s/g4lLCP1JWRt4NgDJTrGzq9?domain=urldefense.com__;!!Mih3wA!UFsZcFCaWdV0trA0hP7V0G--ECgjtBkfZbVjLgLLFP3Ge6jw9Cdqz238oQMj1O3LiLlq4A$ >
And now we know a bit more than we did then.
There is a prediction/warning there about a number of pandemic waves…
In the second ‘wave’, we – the world subject-in-formation may have learnt more, maybe there will be fewer deaths? Maybe we will rescue WHO, maybe not (I won’t predict). But maybe the science community will be paying serious attention, and especially to its duty to the ‘public good’. But there are some contradictory signs. In my own university we seem to be about to enter a new austerity, (implemented from the top by a failing leadership, led by a true academic, bio scientist no less!)
What is clear is that the ‘public’ and its social movements are key to forcing each government to act, and that in almost all cases our leaders and rulers have followed along reluctantly – even while the science and the pandemic plan was there.
In the third and subsequent waves? I agree it’s not predictable: the outcomes will depend entirely on all of ‘us’.
And in the next ‘big one’, the climate collapse? Maybe all this pandemic ‘play’ will have helped prepare us, we maybe will learn how to build the institutions, policies etc for the world’s ‘public good’ in time. I still have hope.
I use Vygotsky-Leontiev’s idea of ‘play’ as the leading activity of the pre-schooler, as I find it complements the notion of world perezhivanie – yes, we are experiencing trauma and that drives activity to overcome, etc, but also in this play we are acting, reflecting, and always – above all - imagining and re-imagining (modelling etc) our world future.
Julian
From: <xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu<mailto:xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu>> on behalf of Andy Blunden <andyb@marxists.org<mailto:andyb@marxists.org>>
Reply-To: "eXtended Mind, Culture, Activity" <xmca-l@mailman.ucsd.edu<mailto:xmca-l@mailman.ucsd.edu>>
Date: Saturday, 25 April 2020 at 02:08
To: "eXtended Mind, Culture, Activity" <xmca-l@mailman.ucsd.edu<mailto:xmca-l@mailman.ucsd.edu>>
Subject: [Xmca-l] Re: Covid as World Perezhivanie?
Greg, the word is polysemic, as Mike said, but I agree with Michael that perezhivaniya are essentially collective experiences. As I say in the article, that COVID will be experienced differently in different countries, by different classes and social groups is an important part of this process. It does not detract it from its being a single experience.
Huw, a "world subject" is emergent at this moment. It is implicit or "in-itself" but I look forward to the appearance of such a world subject, though who know how long and through what traumas we will pass before it is an actuality. Like WW2, the COVID pandemic part of its birth process.
* https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.ethicalpolitics.org/seminars/perezhivanie.htm__;!!Mih3wA!UFsZcFCaWdV0trA0hP7V0G--ECgjtBkfZbVjLgLLFP3Ge6jw9Cdqz238oQMj1O20f7PMuw$ ,<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://protect-za.mimecast.com/s/0czPCRgBjWSr0YKyT0vYWD?domain=urldefense.com__;!!Mih3wA!UFsZcFCaWdV0trA0hP7V0G--ECgjtBkfZbVjLgLLFP3Ge6jw9Cdqz238oQMj1O2CUBlDZg$ > Notes, links, excerpts, 2009
* https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.ethicalpolitics.org/ablunden/pdfs/Blunden_article*response.pdf__;Kw!!Mih3wA!UFsZcFCaWdV0trA0hP7V0G--ECgjtBkfZbVjLgLLFP3Ge6jw9Cdqz238oQMj1O32P1vAKQ$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://protect-za.mimecast.com/s/uKVCCWnBo2fjX3pNTBtHZm?domain=urldefense.com__;!!Mih3wA!UFsZcFCaWdV0trA0hP7V0G--ECgjtBkfZbVjLgLLFP3Ge6jw9Cdqz238oQMj1O3gUzeytg$ >, MCA article 2016
* https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.ethicalpolitics.org/ablunden/pdfs/Coronavirus-pandemic.pdf__;!!Mih3wA!UFsZcFCaWdV0trA0hP7V0G--ECgjtBkfZbVjLgLLFP3Ge6jw9Cdqz238oQMj1O0nWKLylg$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://protect-za.mimecast.com/s/PRQICY6Xq4C3pY0jhrqFgM?domain=urldefense.com__;!!Mih3wA!UFsZcFCaWdV0trA0hP7V0G--ECgjtBkfZbVjLgLLFP3Ge6jw9Cdqz238oQMj1O0Q9D24oQ$ >
Andy
________________________________
Andy Blunden
Hegel for Social Movements<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://protect-za.mimecast.com/s/bBzzCZ4Xr5CM8vmXTVDQHL?domain=urldefense.com__;!!Mih3wA!UFsZcFCaWdV0trA0hP7V0G--ECgjtBkfZbVjLgLLFP3Ge6jw9Cdqz238oQMj1O357qzgVQ$ >
Home Page<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://protect-za.mimecast.com/s/GY4nC1j735fpBgjLIKG9-U?domain=urldefense.com__;!!Mih3wA!UFsZcFCaWdV0trA0hP7V0G--ECgjtBkfZbVjLgLLFP3Ge6jw9Cdqz238oQMj1O07VtAeQQ$ >
On 25/04/2020 4:01 am, Greg Thompson wrote:
I'm wondering about Andy's suggestion that covid-19 is a (or maybe "is creating a"?) world perezhivanie. That seems a really rich suggestion but I'm not sure how many of us on the list really understand what he means by this.
Andy tends to just tell me to go read more and so I'm wondering if someone else might be willing to take a stab at explaining what he might mean.
Also, as a critical intervention, I am wondering whether covid-19 is the "same" for everyone. We have folks in the U.S. who think it is basically just a typical flu that has been turned into a political tool to attack the current president. Or does that not matter for perezhivanie?
(and just to be clear, my question is not whether or not this is true or right or beautiful to think this way; my question is whether or not this is how people are actually experiencing the world since I assume that this is what perezhivanie is supposed to be "getting at". Or am I misunderstanding perezhivanie?)
So is there really a shared perezhivanie here?
(Is The Problem of Age the place to look for answers?)
But if no one wants to take this up (perhaps too much ink has been spilt over perezhivanie?), that's fine too.
Cheers,
greg
--
Gregory A. Thompson, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
Department of Anthropology
880 Spencer W. Kimball Tower
Brigham Young University
Provo, UT 84602
WEBSITE: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://anthropology.byu.edu/greg-thompson__;!!Mih3wA!UFsZcFCaWdV0trA0hP7V0G--ECgjtBkfZbVjLgLLFP3Ge6jw9Cdqz238oQMj1O2DL2iwvA$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://protect-za.mimecast.com/s/wn0cC3lJV7Cm938WsPvHj-?domain=urldefense.com__;!!Mih3wA!UFsZcFCaWdV0trA0hP7V0G--ECgjtBkfZbVjLgLLFP3Ge6jw9Cdqz238oQMj1O0CQMK7DQ$ >
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<Executive Summary 15 APRIL 2020 FINAL[1].docx>
--
the creation of utopias – and their exhaustive criticism – is the proper and distinctive method of sociology. H.G.Wells
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For archival resources relevant to the research of myself and other members of LCHC, visit
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