[Xmca-l] Re: Fate of a Man (from Misha)

Andy Blunden ablunden@mira.net
Wed Jan 18 18:09:30 PST 2017


Misha's own childhood he saw represented in the boy in the 
movie. A 1958 Soviet audience was still struggling with the 
experience of the war. For the movie to function as a part 
of a perezhivanie for the watcher, it has to be reflecting 
and repeating something in the watcher's own experience. I 
think this is a partial answer to the question you opened in 
another thread - the use of story-telling, movies, etc., - 
"mediational means" - to help Americans in surviving the 
coming period of Trump's America. ... Andy

------------------------------------------------------------
Andy Blunden
http://home.mira.net/~andy
On 19/01/2017 1:02 PM, mike cole wrote:
> It was extremely interesting to read Misha's 
> interpretation of Fate of a Man. It provides evidence 
> against my speculation that it might have been interpreted 
> as Destiny of Mankind. If I understand correctly, Misha is 
> saying that the perezhivanie of entire populations is 
> reflected in the individual consciousness of the 
> character.  And the film, combining multiple media and a 
> strong, patriotic narrative, creates perezhivanie in the 
> viewer.
>
> I did not, personally, experience perezhivanie, while 
> watching the film, at least not perezhivanie of the sort 
> that Misha is referring to. My orientation toward viewing 
> it, and my own cultural-historical background interfered. 
> I was viewing it through the lens of our discussion and my 
> acute awareness of the elisions and misrepresentations of 
> these events in historical time. This lens got in the way.
>
> Misha's note is a good reminder of the difficulties of 
> interpretation that we all face in dealing with this 
> topic! At the same time, there was no missing different 
> forms that correspond to different "kinds" or "conceptions 
> of kinds" of perezhivanie in the film.
> mike
>
>
>
> On Wed, Jan 18, 2017 at 3:53 PM, Andy Blunden 
> <ablunden@mira.net <mailto:ablunden@mira.net>> wrote:
>
>     Misha went on to criticise my characterisation of the
>     boy's life-world, and I have to say that I was
>     mistaken about that. The boy's life world is also
>     "difficult" in Vasilyuk's terms. ... Andy
>
>     ------------------------------------------------------------
>     Andy Blunden
>     http://home.mira.net/~andy <http://home.mira.net/%7Eandy>
>     http://www.brill.com/products/book/origins-collective-decision-making
>     <http://www.brill.com/products/book/origins-collective-decision-making>
>
>     On 18/01/2017 7:50 PM, Andy Blunden wrote:
>
>         Misha, a Russian psychologist who has assisted
>         Mike and me in analysing previous movies, offers
>         this comment on "Fate of a Man."
>
>         ------------------------------------------------------------
>         I need to re-watch this emotional film. After a
>         while I can write something regarding your theme.
>         Glad to hear you. I think we'll have a lot of
>         discussions. Only one thing I want to say now -
>         This movie is not an /illustration/ of
>         perezhivanie but it /is/ really the perezhivanie.
>
>         I re-watched the movie. Had a wonderful,
>         unforgettable experience. Andrey, being a simple
>         Soviet carpenter before the War, fell into the
>         millstone of hard, bloody war by fate. He
>         miraculously managed to survive, losing his son on
>         the front, his beloved wife and two daughters in
>         his native village near Voronezh. The war has
>         warped him, forced to endure emotional anguish,
>         physical pain and spiritual suffering. The war has
>         truly wounded his soul, humiliated him as a man,
>         but he remained a man of great kindness, taking
>         care of the orphan boy, treating him like his own
>         son. The film shows massive heroism of the Soviet
>         people. Reading the story /Destiny of a Man/ by
>         Mikhail Sholokhov and watching the movie of Sergey
>         Bondarchuk with the same name, you can understand
>         what it means to love the Motherland truly. Pain
>         and anxiety for homeland and personal tragedy of
>         the individual and the specific family were
>         organically fused in the fate of Andrei Sokolov.
>
>         Andrey's suffering is simultaneously private and
>         public. But the hero of the film found the
>         strength in himself not to fall down, and continue
>         to work for the use and benefit of the country in
>         the post-war period, and, staying alone, to raise
>         the kid without assistants, the child who had
>         experienced the intensive grief because of losing
>         parents. The peculiarity of perezhivanie in this
>         film is closely interwoven with the social
>         disaster caused by the treachery and cruelty of
>         the Germans in the great Patriotic war, and
>         personal grief associated with the loss of his
>         beloved family. The score of V. Basner naturally
>         complements and musically ornaments this movie. It
>         resembles the mood of Shostakovich's symphonies,
>         where you can observe fear, terror and mental
>         confusion, but it remains with kind and optimistic
>         fundamentals. Sincere, not-sugary kindness and
>         human warmth emanates from this strong and
>         powerful film. The power of the spirit of this man
>         is the good (kind and strong) character of such
>         person, united with the solid beliefs of a healthy
>         moral order.
>
>         The film triggers a strong, intense perezhivanie
>         from the audience, where an experience of art even
>         gives priority way to perezhivanie of life itself,
>         without losing at the same time tonality of high art.
>
>         ------------------------------------------------------------
>         On 18/01/2017 12:39 PM, Andy Blunden wrote:
>
>             Thank you Marc! It was the third "plane" which
>             was my intention in providing "Fate of a Man"
>             for discussion. You picked out what were for
>             me also the main (but by no means the only)
>             instances of perezhivanija in this movie.
>
>             It seems to me that Sokolov (the author)
>             offers one perezhivanie in particular as the
>             main theme of the movie. At the beginning of
>             the movie, the man and boy walk up the path to
>             the camera and at the end of the movie they
>             walk off together again. So this is the
>             central theme. As you say, when Sokolov's
>             family has all been killed, even his talented
>             war-hero son who was going to be a famous
>             mathematician, his life has become
>             meaningless. I really liked your reflections
>             of Sokolov's reflections too. He sees the
>             young orphan boy who, he discovers, has no
>             family and doesn't even know what town he
>             comes from, but is aimlessly living on pieces
>             of rubbish. He sees that the two of them are
>             in the same situation. So after some time
>             mulling this over a they sit together in the
>             truck, he lies to the boy and tells him that
>             he is the boy's father, and they embrace. But
>             the boy questions this and he reasserts his
>             claim and the boy accepts this. The man is
>             able to define a new meaning for his life; he
>             has done this autonomously without the help of
>             a therapist, but he still needs another, the
>             boy, to embody that meaning. But he knows it
>             is his own invention. The boy on the other
>             hand has to be made to believe it is true; he
>             is not sufficiently mature to manufacture this
>             meaning himself, but as a child he can be
>             guided by an adult. As you say, Marc, it is
>             very significant when Sokolov tells us how he
>             is now, again, worried about his own death.
>             What if I died in my sleep? that would be a
>             shock for my son!
>
>             For me, this reflection causes me to look back
>             on the man's whole struggle during the war: in
>             the first phase he does not differentiate
>             between his life as a father and husband and
>             his life as a Soviet citizen - war is his duty
>             and he is confident, as is everyone else, of
>             victory. His bravery in driving his truck to
>             the front line under fire reflects the fact
>             that he has never imagined his own death. Then
>             he finds himself prostrate before 2 Nazi
>             soldiers who we assume are going among the
>             wounded shooting anyone who has survived. But
>             surprisingly, he is allowed to live, but is to
>             be used as a slave. Sokolov has been
>             confronted by his own mortality for the first
>             time and he chooses life, but accepts slavery
>             (Sartre and Hegel both thematize this moment
>             in their philosophy). In this second phase of
>             Sokolov's life he is a survivor. Everything
>             hinges on surviving and returning to his wife
>             and family. As you point out, Marc, his later
>             reflections on this are particularly poignant,
>             when he discovers the futility of this hope.
>             Eventually, the life of forced labour becomes
>             unbearable. He cries out: "Why are we forced
>             to dig 3 cubic metres when 1 cubic meter is
>             enough for a grave!" Sokolov has accepted and
>             embraced death after all. (Transition to the
>             third phase.) To his German masters this is an
>             unendurable act of defiance. As David points
>             out, there are flaws in the scene which
>             follows, but ... he confronts his own death
>             defiantly, stares it in the eye, spits on it,
>             and his life again gains meaning as a "brave
>             Soviet soldier" unafraid of death even in such
>             an impossible moment. Not only does he
>             survive, but takes the Nazi Colonel prisoner
>             and hands the war plans over to the Red Army.
>             Now, when he is offered the chance to return
>             to his wife as a war hero he declines and asks
>             to be sent back to the front. His life has
>             adopted this new meaning which casts his life
>             as a father into the shade. He no longer fears
>             death. But he is persuaded to take time off
>             and learns of the death of his family. As Marc
>             relates, the continued survival of his son,
>             who is now also a war hero, provides continued
>             meaning and integrates the two themes in his
>             life. This takes work, as Marc points out, and
>             he has the assistance of an older man, in
>             achieving this redefinition of his life. But
>             tragically, with the death of his son (and NB
>             the end of the war, albeit in victory) his
>             life is again without meaning. Fourth phase.
>             He has survived, but has no purpose. By
>             becoming a father again (Fifth phase), he
>             regains the fear of death and meaning in his
>             life. It is real work, and we witness this
>             psychological turmoil as he copes with the
>             idea that this scruffy orphan boy could be a
>             son to him, and eventually he manages it.
>
>             The transition between each phase is a
>             critical period during which Sokolov's
>             personality is transformed. Note also, that
>             there is a premonition of this perezhivanie in
>             Sokolov's earlier life: his family is wiped
>             out in the Civil War and the famine of 1922,
>             then he meets his wife-to-be, also raised in
>             an orphanage, and they together create a life
>             and have 17 happy years before the Nazi
>             invasion intrudes. So from the beginning of
>             the movie we are introduced to the main theme.
>
>             These are the main moments in the movie, which
>             caused me to select it for discussion rather
>             than any other movie. Also, there is no doubt
>             that in producing this movie in 1958 the
>             Soviet government was engaged with its people,
>             in a process of collective perezhivanie and by
>             reflecting on the collective perezhivanie
>             during the period of the war, before and
>             after, they aim to assist the people in
>             collectively assigning meaning to this
>             terrible suffering and like the man and his
>             "son" walking again into the future. As a
>             propaganda movie, of course, it is open to
>             much criticism, but that is hardly the point.
>             I appreciate Marc's analysis in terms of the
>             other concepts he has introduced. I wouldn't
>             mind a recap on these. In terms of Vasilyuk's
>             concepts, Sokolov's life-world is *simple and
>             difficult*. The boy's life world is *simple
>             and easy*.
>
>             Can we continue to discuss "Fate of a Man",
>             while I open another movie for analysis? I
>             think there are at least 10 subscribers to
>             this list who have published in learned
>             journals on the topic of perezhivanie in
>             childhood. Perhaps one of you would like to
>             reflect on the boy's perezhivanija?
>
>             Andy
>
>             ------------------------------------------------------------
>             Andy Blunden
>             http://home.mira.net/~andy
>             <http://home.mira.net/%7Eandy>
>             http://www.brill.com/products/book/origins-collective-decision-making
>             <http://www.brill.com/products/book/origins-collective-decision-making>
>
>             On 18/01/2017 5:14 AM, Marc Clarà wrote:
>
>                 Hi, all,
>
>                 and thank you, Andy, for sharing this
>                 amazing film, which I didn't know. I
>                 think it will be very useful to share and
>                 discuss our respective views on
>                 perezhivanie.
>
>                 In my view, the film could be analyzed in
>                 terms of perezhivanie in three
>                 different planes. First, we could consider
>                 the person who watches the film,
>                 and we could study how the meaning she
>                 forms for the film restructures her
>                 relationship with aspects of her real life
>                 -such as, for example, her own
>                 death or the death of a beloved one, etc.
>                 (perhaps this is a little bit
>                 like what Beth and Monica, or Veresov and
>                 Fleer, do with their study of
>                 playworlds?). In this plane, which would
>                 be perhaps the most naturalistic
>                 one, the film could be studied as an
>                 human-made cultural artifact which
>                 restuctures psychological functions; here,
>                 the meaning formed for the film
>                 by who watches it and uses it as mediator
>                 in her relation to her real life
>                 would be an m-perezhivanie.
>
>                 In a second plane, we could proceed as if
>                 the film was real life, and we
>                 could consider Sokolov telling his story
>                 to the man he meets by the river
>                 (a little bit like Carla telling her story
>                 to me). In this plane, Sokolov's
>                 narrative (i.e., what is showed to us as
>                 narrated flashback) could be
>                 considered as a cultural artifact that
>                 Sokolov uses to relate to all what
>                 happened to him. At this plane, the
>                 meaning of this narrative would be the
>                 m-perezhivanie that, in that moment,
>                 mediates the relationship between
>                 Sokolov and the war events he experienced
>                 years ago (but these events are
>                 still very present to him, so although
>                 relating to past events, there is
>                 here a Sokolov's activity [towards the
>                 past war events] which is in present
>                 -this echoes Christopher when, within our
>                 conversations, said: “Part of
>                 this might also be a question of what it
>                 means to describe and represent
>                 one's own perezhivanie
>                 figuratively/narratively (whether to
>                 others, or to
>                 oneself), as opposed to living that
>                 perezhivanie. Especially if the attempt
>                 to capture/represent one's own
>                 perezhivanie is, perhaps, also central to
>                 the living of it?”
>
>                 In a third plane, we could proceed as if
>                 Sokolov's narration was not a
>                 retrospective narration, but the on-time
>                 sequence of events with on-time
>                 Sokolov's explanation of these events (in
>                 the moments in which the narrator
>                 voice is assumed within the flashback). In
>                 this plane, there are several
>                 interesting perezhivanie phenomena.
>                 Clearly, there is a Sokolov's activity
>                 of experiencing-as-struggle, which
>                 initiates when he realizes that all his
>                 family, except one son, had been killed 2
>                 years ago. At this moment, his
>                 life becomes meaningless; the meaning
>                 (m-perezhivanie) he uses to relate to
>                 all his life (including the past) at this
>                 moment is expressed in his
>                 conversation with his oncle: “it's got to
>                 be that this life of mine is
>                 nothing but a nightmare!”. In this moment,
>                 Sokolov's past in the prision
>                 camp becomes also meaningless: then, his
>                 link to life (the m-perezhivanie
>                 that made being alive meaningful to him)
>                 was meeting his family; but at
>                 that time his family was already dead, so
>                 when he discovers it, he realizes
>                 that this m-perezhivanie (the idea of
>                 meeting his family) was linking him
>                 to death, not to life, so all his efforts
>                 to surviving become meaningless:
>                 “Every night, when I was a prisioner, I
>                 talked with them. Now it turns out
>                 that for two years I was talking with the
>                 dead?”. In this conversation,
>                 however, his oncle offers him an
>                 alternative m-perezhivanie to relate to
>                 his life: he still has a son, so the
>                 m-perehivanie of meeting his family
>                 can still turns Sokolov's life meaningful:
>                 “you've got to go on living. You
>                 have to find Anatoly. When the war is
>                 over, your son will get married, you
>                 will live with them. You will take up your
>                 carpentry again, play with your
>                 grandkids”. It takes some time to Sokolov
>                 to enter into this
>                 m-perezhivanie, but he does it and his
>                 life becomes meaningful again: “and
>                 then, unexpectedly, I've got a gleam of
>                 sunlight”. But, then, Anatoly also
>                 dies. How to keep living? Here, Sokolov
>                 holds the m-perezhivanie that
>                 linked him to life until that moment, and
>                 therefore, he needs a son;
>                 pretending being the father of Vanya turns
>                 his life meaningful again.
>
>                 Another interesting thing, still at that
>                 level, is how Sokolov's relation
>                 with his own immediate death changes along
>                 the different occasions in which
>                 he faces it. I thing here there are
>                 examples of
>                 experiencing-as-contemplation -in my view,
>                 this is not
>                 experiencing-as-struggle because the
>                 situation of impossibility (the
>                 immediate death) is removed existentially
>                 (Sokolov's life is given back to
>                 him), so that there is not a permanent
>                 situation of impossibility which is
>                 initially meaningless and is turned into
>                 meaningful. In each occasion in
>                 which Sokolov is faced with his immediate
>                 death, the m-perezhivanie that
>                 mediates this relationship is different.
>                 When he is captured, his
>                 m-perezhivanie is expressed as: “here's my
>                 death coming after me”. When he
>                 is conducted to meet the nazi official,
>                 the m-perezhivanie is expressed as:
>                 “the end of your misery”, “to my death and
>                 my release of this torment, I
>                 will drink”. In the first, the death is
>                 running after Sokolov; in the
>                 second, it is Sokolov happily going to
>                 meet death. Later, at the end of the
>                 film, he faces his immediate death again,
>                 and the m-perezhivanie is
>                 expressed as: “I'm really worried that I
>                 might die in my sleep, and that
>                 would frighten my little son”.
>
>                 Well, just some thoughts after watching
>                 this wonderful film.
>
>                 Best regards,
>
>                 Marc.
>
>                 2017-01-15 0:06 GMT+01:00 Christopher
>                 Schuck <schuckcschuck@gmail.com
>                 <mailto:schuckcschuck@gmail.com>>:
>
>                     Yes, definitely that article! And
>                     specifically, when I used "pivoting" I
>                     couldn't help but think of Beth's
>                     earlier example about how a child will
>                     use a stick as a pivot for a horse.
>                     Perhaps a somewhat different
>                     application but related, no?
>
>                     On Sat, Jan 14, 2017 at 4:06 PM,
>                     Alfredo Jornet Gil
>                     <a.j.gil@iped.uio.no
>                     <mailto:a.j.gil@iped.uio.no>>
>                     wrote:
>
>                         Chris, all,
>
>                         your post is totally relevant to
>                         Beth's and Monica's article in the
>                         special issue. They write about
>                         film and perezhivanie (quoting
>                         Sobchack)
>                         the following:
>
>                         The reason that film allows us to
>                         glimpse the future is that there is a
>                         connection between filmic time and
>                         ‘real’ time: “The images of a film
>
>                     exist
>
>                         in the world as a temporal flow,
>                         within finitude and situation. Indeed,
>
>                     the
>
>                         fascination of the film is that it
>                         does not transcend our
>
>                     lived-experience
>
>                         of temporality, but rather that it
>                         seems to partake of it, to share it”
>                         (1992, p. 60).
>
>                         And later
>
>                         "Specifically, the way that the
>                         flow of time becomes
>                         multidirectional is
>                         that “rehearsals make it necessary
>                         to think of the future in such a way
>
>                     as
>
>                         to create a past” (1985, p. 39).
>                         As Schechner ex-plains: “In a very
>                         real
>                         way the future – the project
>                         coming into existence through the
>                         process of
>                         rehearsal – determines the past:
>                         what will be kept from earlier
>
>                     rehearsals
>
>                         or from the “source ma-terials”
>                         (1985, p. 39)."
>
>                         Alfredo
>
>
>                         ________________________________________
>                         From:
>                         xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu
>                         <mailto:xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu>
>                         <xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu
>                         <mailto:xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu>>
>                         on behalf of Christopher Schuck
>                         <schuckcschuck@gmail.com
>                         <mailto:schuckcschuck@gmail.com>>
>                         Sent: 14 January 2017 21:43
>                         To: eXtended Mind, Culture, Activity
>                         Subject: [Xmca-l] Re: Fate of a Man
>
>                         But that's both the limitation and
>                         strength of art or fictional narrative
>                         as opposed to real life, isn't it?
>                         That art focuses our attention and
>                         highlights certain features in a
>                         way that is idealized and artificially
>                         "designed" to convey something
>                         more clearly and purely (but less
>                         organically and authentically)
>                         than it would be conveyed in the
>                         course of
>                         living it, or observing someone
>                         else living it? One way to get around
>
>                     this
>
>                         would be, as David says, to
>                         analyze the film in terms of clues
>                         as to the
>                         stages of emergence. But maybe
>                         another way to use the film would
>                         be to
>
>                     view
>
>                         it not so much as a complete,
>                         self-sufficient "example" of
>                         perezhivanie,
>
>                     as
>
>                         a *tool *for pivoting back and
>                         forth between the concept of
>                         perezhivanie
>
>                     as
>
>                         imaginatively constructed (through
>                         fiction), and the concept of
>                         perezhivanie as imaginatively
>                         constructed (through our real living
>                         experience and observation of it).
>                         So, it would be the *pivoting* between
>                         these two manifestations of the
>                         concept (designed vs. evolved, as
>                         David
>
>                     put
>
>                         it) that reveals new insights
>                         about perezhivanie, rather than
>
>                     understanding
>
>                         the concept from the film per se.
>
>                         On Sat, Jan 14, 2017 at 3:08 PM,
>                         David Kellogg
>                         <dkellogg60@gmail.com
>                         <mailto:dkellogg60@gmail.com>>
>                         wrote:
>
>                             I think there's a good reason
>                             why Andy started a new thread
>                             on this:
>
>                         he's a
>
>                             very tidy thinker (quite
>                             unlike yours truly) and he
>                             knows that one
>
>                     reason
>
>                             why xmca threads are seldom
>                             cumulative is that they
>                             digress to related
>                             problems without solving the
>                             immmediate ones.
>
>                             Yes, of course, a film allows
>                             us to consider an example of
>
>                         "perezhivanie",
>
>                             but it is a designed
>                             perezhivanie rather than an
>                             evolved one; it
>
>                     doesn't
>
>                             explicitly display the various
>                             stages of emergence required for a
>
>                     genetic
>
>                             analysis, unless we analyze it
>                             not as a complete and finished
>                             work of
>
>                     art
>
>                             but instead for clues as to
>                             the stages of its creation
>                             (the way that,
>
>                     for
>
>                             example, "Quietly Flows the
>                             Don" was analyzed to determine its
>                             authenticity).
>
>                             I remember that In the
>                             original short story, the
>                             schnapps drinking
>                             scene seemed like pure sleight
>                             of hand: an artistically
>                             gratuitous
>
>                         example
>
>                             of what eventually gave Soviet
>                             social realism such a bad name.
>
>                             David Kellogg
>                             Macquarie University
>
>                             On Sat, Jan 14, 2017 at 10:04
>                             PM, Carol Macdonald <
>
>                     carolmacdon@gmail.com
>                     <mailto:carolmacdon@gmail.com>
>
>                             wrote:
>
>                                 Fellow XMCa-ers
>
>                                 I have watched it through
>                                 now, thank you Andy, but
>                                 right now only
>
>                             empirical
>
>                                 psychological categories
>                                 come to mind.  I will
>                                 watch it again and in
>
>                         the
>
>                                 meanwhile let my fellows
>                                 with more recent experience of
>
>                     /perezhivanie/
>
>                             take
>
>                                 the discussion further.
>
>                                 It is a kind of timeless
>                                 story, and modern film
>                                 techniques would
>
>                         perhaps
>
>                             be
>
>                                 more explicit. At the
>                                 least I would say it has
>                                 for me a Russian
>                                 understanding of
>                                 suffering, perhaps because
>                                 of their unique
>
>                     experience
>
>                         of
>
>                                 it. But having said that,
>                                 WWII must have generated
>                                 other similar
>                                 experiences, apart from
>                                 the first part about
>                                 Andrei's family dying in
>
>                         the
>
>                                 famine.
>
>                                 Carol
>
>                                 On 14 January 2017 at
>                                 02:15, Andy Blunden
>                                 <ablunden@mira.net
>                                 <mailto:ablunden@mira.net>>
>                                 wrote:
>
>                                     I watched it in two
>                                     parts with subtitles:
>
>                                     http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x16w7fg_destiny-of-a-man-
>                                     <http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x16w7fg_destiny-of-a-man->
>
>                                     1959-pt-1_creation
>                                     http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x16wat4_destiny-of-a-man-
>                                     <http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x16wat4_destiny-of-a-man->
>
>                                     1959-pt-2_creation
>
>                                     Andy
>
>                                     ------------------------------------------------------------
>
>                                     Andy Blunden
>                                     http://home.mira.net/~andy
>                                     <http://home.mira.net/%7Eandy>
>                                     http://www.brill.com/products/book/origins-collective-
>                                     <http://www.brill.com/products/book/origins-collective->
>
>                         decision-making
>
>                                     On 14/01/2017 2:35 AM,
>                                     Beth Ferholt wrote:
>
>                                                 Thank you
>                                                 for taking
>                                                 us to a
>                                                 shared
>                                                 example. 
>                                                 I think that
>
>                         having a
>
>
>
>                                 -- 
>                                 Carol A Macdonald Ph.D (Edin)
>                                 Cultural Historical
>                                 Activity Theory
>                                 Honorary Research Fellow:
>                                 Department of Linguistics,
>                                 Unisa
>                                 alternative email address:
>                                 tmacdoca@unisa.ac.za
>                                 <mailto:tmacdoca@unisa.ac.za>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>



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