[Xmca-l] Re: Dynamics of Developmental Change

[Peter Smagorinsky]

I would avoid generalizations covering millions of people. I have been a vegetarian since 1973, when my father had a major heart attack in his 40s and I decided to avoid the diet that was in large part responsible. Over the last 42 years my reasons for maintaining this diet have shifted. For instance, I realized after quitting eating meat that, for the most part, I didn't like how it tasted. It's also better for the planet. Please try to keep essentializing large and diverse populations in this fashion. I don't insist on anything except my own food intake.

-----Original Message-----
From: xmca-l-bounces+smago=uga.edu@mailman.ucsd.edu [mailto:xmca-l-bounces+smago=uga.edu@mailman.ucsd.edu] On Behalf Of David Kellogg
Sent: Thursday, September 10, 2015 6:16 PM
To: eXtended Mind, Culture, Activity
Subject: [Xmca-l] Re: Dynamics of Developmental Change

Mike, Larry:

Well, to tell you the truth, I did suspect that Mike was talking about up-to-date literature: he knows an AWFUL lot more about it that I do. So some of my misinterpretation was really just showing off my attempts at intellectual history: the artistic/philosophical idea of the child, followed by a mechancal/biologistic model, from which Vygotsky tries the synthesis.

So I was really trying--once again--to show off how much Vygotsky knew--not just compared to his contemporaries but even compared to what we know today. I think it's a real demonstration of how powerful the theoretically directed Soviet approach was (of course, it could be theoretically misdirected too, as subsequent developments, particularly in genetics, demonstrated).

Another way of looking at it, though, is to say that our own non-Soviet empiricist muddle has been feeble in the extreme. I think that Mike is spot on when he raises intersubjectivity as THE key issue of infant development.
In some ways, the development of secondary intersubjectivity is precisely what Vygotsky means by specifically human psychological functions.

Vegetarians insist that the property of movement is what should make other sentient beings off limits for consumption. Most of us, when we think about it at all, would probably say that it is the property of language (as the Red Queen remarks to Alice, it's rude to eat someone you have been introduced to(. But we don't eat foreigners, even though we cannot understand what they say, and anyway language itself has to be explained somehow. So I suspect that for most of us it is actually  secondary intersubjectivity that makes us inedible.

 Alas, when I look at the "theory of mind" debates in first language acquisition, I have to admit that until very recently, most of our developmental psychologists would have considered infants rather as we find them in Swift's Modest Proposal. What makes this really hard for me to understand is that it seems to me that without some kind of theory of mind, even primary intersubjectivity is not possible. Dogs clearly do have a theory of mind, although it is equally clearly not a human one. How could we ever have doubted that infants do?

(I suspect the answer has to do with another one of Mike's lifelong obsessions--the fallacy of decontextualized measurement.)

David Kellogg

On Fri, Sep 11, 2015 at 12:54 AM, Lplarry <lpscholar2@gmail.com> wrote:

> Mike,
> I hope these reflections continue on line.
> The focus on primary intersubjectivity expressing the truth of 
> *reciprocal felt rejoinders* that are not determined through 
> particular modes (vision, hearing, bodily touch). This seems important 
> to the notion of universal beliefs such as social smiling being 
> reciprocal mutual processes or are particular phenomena.
> So the centrality of felt experience experienced within the power
> (amplification) of mutuality (reciprocal rejoinders) seems central to 
> primary intersubjectivity.
>
> Larry
>
> I read this as suggesting it is n
>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: "mike cole" <mcole@ucsd.edu>
> Sent: ‎2015-‎09-‎10 8:07 AM
> To: "eXtended Mind, Culture, Activity" <xmca-l@mailman.ucsd.edu>
> Subject: [Xmca-l] Re: Dynamics of Developmental Change
>
> Great history lesson, David. Thanks. Shakespeare and Schopenhaur. Wow!
> But I fear I misled you by my use of the word, contemporary. I was 
> referring to 2015, not 1925 or 1885. Its been a while since I have 
> reviewed the literature on neonatal reflexes and their 
> transformations, so I checked a recent text (Bornstein and Lamb- 
> *Developmental Science: An advanced textbook (2015)*. There is an 
> interesting article there by Karen Adolph and a colleague on sensory motor development (ch5) that has a good summary.
> Very interesting and so far as i can tell, perfectly compatible with 
> emphasis on brain development in the transition to life on the outside 
> and some version of a story about the increasing role cortical 
> structures following a stage-like reorganization at 2-3 months. 
> Particularly intriguing are reflexes present at birth that disappear 
> and then reappear as constituents of more complex forms of behavior.
>
> Sorry my attempt to advance the discussion was a misdirection. Better 
> luck next time. Perhaps we could discuss offline unless others want to 
> pursue this issue.
>
> Might examination of the notion of primary intersubjectivity provide a 
> more useful avenue of investigation? Not sure.
>
> mike
>
>
>
>
> On Wed, Sep 9, 2015 at 2:45 PM, David Kellogg <dkellogg60@gmail.com>
> wrote:
>
> > I assume that when Mike says "contemporary" he is talking about
> Vygotsky's
> > contemporaries. It's always very hard for me to resist the 
> > temptation to
> do
> > "Wikipedia" footnotes about the founding fathers of infant
> psychology--they
> > are a very colorful bunch, and many of them heroic although quite wrong.
> > Rudolf Virchow, for example, discovered leukemia and invented the
> autopsy.
> > But he was also a bit of a crank: he didn't believe that diseases 
> > were caused by germs at all, and he insisted that all disease was 
> > cause by social inequality (this sounded a lot truer in the 
> > nineteenth century
> when
> > TB was a leading cause of death). He had himself elected to 
> > parliament
> and
> > made himself so unpopular with Bismarck that he was challenged to a duel.
> > Since he thought duelling was barbaric, he produced two raw pork
> sausages,
> > one of which was infected with trichinosis, and offered Bismarck a
> choice.
> > Bismarck declined.
> >
> > Anyway, Virchow believed that infants are essentially "spinal"--all 
> > functions are decided "reflex arcs" in the spinal cord and not in 
> > the
> brain
> > at all. Vygotsky thinks that only unimportant reflexes take place 
> > there, but he also thinks that there is a gradual movement of the 
> > crucial "gap"--the bridging point of the reflex arc--from the 
> > pallidum to the striatum to the cortex, and that this pretty much 
> > explains how children
> are
> > able to sit up, and eventually walk.
> >
> > There are two key figures in mapping the cortex. One of them is 
> > Flechsig--the fellow who was accused of "bewitching" a judge with 
> > homosexual impulses and who Freud defended. The other was Foerster, 
> > who
> was
> > Lenin's personal surgeon during his last illness. Foerster wasn't a 
> > neurosurgeon at all: like Virchow he was more interested in the
> contagious
> > diseases of the poor, but during he war the main contagion was 
> > traumatic bullet wounds, and, not being a surgeon, he had the 
> > brilliant idea of
> using
> > only local anaesthetics while he did brain surgery so that he could 
> > talk
> to
> > patients as he was stimulating various parts of the cortex. This 
> > allowed him to produce a much more detailed map than Flechsig's, and 
> > that was eventually got him a job in the Kremlin.
> >
> > I think Vygotsky is reacting AGAINST a reaction. He actually starts 
> > with Shakespeare and Schopenhauer. They have tended to approach the 
> > problem of infancy as a matter of explaining why we weep when we 
> > enter the world and laugh when we leave. The reaction to this is to 
> > treat the infant as essentially brainless, and Vygotsky is very 
> > interested in re-establishing the role of the brain, although I 
> > rather doubt the theory, apparently
> taken
> > over wholesale from Nazi psychologists like Kretschmer, that 
> > specific structures like the pallidum, and the stratium, just hand 
> > their functions up to the cortex. It's clear to me that 
> > grammaticization takes place in
> the
> > cortex (my mother is suffering from stroke related dementia, and 
> > it's
> had a
> > catastrophic effect on her grammar). Hence Halliday (but I'm afraid 
> > I
> don't
> > have any pdfs--just my hardbound collected works--and since I got 
> > fired it's pretty hard for me to scan stuff without getting caught).
> >
> > David Kellogg
> >
> >
> > On Wed, Sep 9, 2015 at 9:06 AM, mike cole <mcole@ucsd.edu> wrote:
> >
> > > We aim to please, David. Being concrete in this way helps me a lot.
> > > A few commentaries in italics in between your paragraphs.
> > >
> > > On Tue, Sep 8, 2015 at 2:37 PM, David Kellogg 
> > > <dkellogg60@gmail.com>
> > > wrote:
> > >
> > > > It's astonishing to me how much of this is in Vygotsky's chapter 
> > > > on
> > > infancy
> > > > and also in his work on The Crisis at One.
> > > >
> > > > a) Vygotsky vigorously denies that the newborn is a purely
> instinctive
> > > > being; he argues precisely the opposite, that the evidence is 
> > > > that
> the
> > > > newborn's instincts are extremely weak, and even those that 
> > > > exist (to
> > do
> > > > with feeding and positioning) are not "spinal", "medullar", or 
> > > > even
> > > purely
> > > > "midbrain" in their mediation but instead linked to an 
> > > > undeveloped
> > > cortex.
> > > >
> > >
> > > ​*I am actually not certain what you are referring to here. The 
> > > contemporary literature as I read it allows for a very clear set 
> > > of reflexes present at birth that are sufficiently widespread in 
> > > the
> species
> > > to be used as tests for serious organic damage. It has long been 
> > > known
> > that
> > > smiling and sucking are observed in hydrocyphalic infants with no
> > cortex.*
> > >
> > > *The key issue it seems is how to understand the reorganization of 
> > > the infant's life world and biological consiitution which has, 
> > > until recent research of the sort in the social smiling case, has 
> > > used qualitatve
> > change
> > > in the physiological nature of, and social consequences of, the
> beginning
> > > of what Vygotsky seems to be referring to by "receptive interest 
> > > in the world." Differentiation of mother's faces near birth in 
> > > populations I
> > know
> > > about has been pretty clearly established, so receptive interest" 
> > > seems
> > to
> > > be there from the beginning. What is primary intersubjectivity, in
> LSV's
> > > terms? When does human perception become active (is it ever just 
> > > receptive?), or is it a form of action from the beginning?*​
> > >
> > >
> > > >
> > > > b) Vygotsky says that most writers on infancy consider that 
> > > > social
> > > smiling
> > > > is the THE key milestone which marks off the newborn period from
> > infancy.
> > > > Vygotsky says it isn't. Infancy begins with "receptive interest 
> > > > in
> the
> > > > world", and it is only reciprocated in later periods of infancy 
> > > > (what Halliday calls proto-conversation).
> > > >
> > >
> > > ​*Perhaps Manfred or an xmca-er familiar with the Nso/German and 
> > > other
> > > cases​*
> > >
> > > *​when reciprocity begins, Their kids show other features of 
> > > behavior
> > that
> > > are part of the ensemble that includes smiling, activity, and in 
> > > the European cases what might be considered protoconversations. I 
> > > do not
> > recall
> > > data on the study of the local language uses in infant-caretaker 
> > > interaction for the Nso, but it sure is something we would want to
> know.*
> > >
> > > >
> > > > c) In HDHMF, Vygotsky tries to work out a typology of the 
> > > > different
> > forms
> > > > of higher cultural behavior. He does this through the method 
> > > > Andy
> calls
> > > > immanent critique: he takes Thorndike's two level scheme and 
> > > > finds it doesn't explain intellect at all; he then adopts 
> > > > Buhler's three level scheme and finds that, 1) Buhler 
> > > > over-extends it to cover both humans
> > and
> > > > animals and both children and adults, and 2) it doesn't explain
> > volition
> > > at
> > > > all, since intellect too is a form of adaptation. In the infancy
> > chapter,
> > > > Vygotsky argues that the roots of ALL of the forms of behavior
> > (instinct,
> > > > habit, intellect and volition) are right there in infancy--in 
> > > > the
> form
> > of
> > > > affect.
> > > >
> > >
> > > ​*Perhaps here is where the concept of primary intersubjectivity 
> > > could
> be
> > > helpful because it is all about affect.*​
> > >
> > >
> > > >
> > > > Halliday too argues against the "blank slate": he points out 
> > > > that
> each
> > of
> > > > the different grammatical forms associated with what appears in
> > Vygotsky
> > > as
> > > > ​
> > > > crises and stable age periods has a "proto-" period ( which in 
> > > > my
> > scheme
> > > > ​
> > > > corresponds to the crisis) and a "proper" period (which ​c​ 
> > > > orresponds to the ​ stable period).
> > > >
> > > >                               CRISIS                  STABLE PERIOD
> > > >
> > > > newborn                 protoconversation
> > > >
> > > > infancy                                                 conversation
> > > proper
> > > >
> > > > one                        protolanguage
> > > >
> > > > early childhood                                      language proper
> > > >
> > > > crisis at three         protonarrative/dialog
> > > >
> > > > preschool                                              narrative and
> > > > dialogue proper
> > > >
> > > > crisis at seven       protodiscourse
> > > >                             (academic wording)
> > > >
> > > > school age                                            discourse
> proper
> > > >
> > > > crisis at 13             prototurn taking
> > > >                            (grammatical metaphor,
> > > >                              variation, register,
> > > >                              social dialect)
> > > > puberty                                                   turn-taking
> > > > proper
> > > >
> > > >
> > >
> > >
> >
> ​---------------------------------------------------------------------
> -------
> > > *This is Halliday, David? And you wish to use it and line it up 
> > > with
> > LSV?*
> > > *If so,*
> > > *1.  a suggestion concerning the case of the change from newborn 
> > > to
> > infancy
> > > that is the topic of the shift I recently sent around. You might 
> > > want
> to
> > > put newborn as a stage before, or within, infancy. 
> > > Protoconversations
> in
> > > Hallidays sense start after The "3 month shift", right? (If their
> culture
> > > is so organized that reciprocal smiling is a valued from of joint
> > mediated,
> > > activity- to use my heavy jargon). *
> > >
> > > *2. What happens when we move outside of schooled environments? I
> assume
> > > they acquire discourse proper in some other fashion? I am 
> > > uncertain
> about
> > > what it means to acquire turn-taking proper. *
> > >
> > > 3. *It has always struck me that the stages posited by Piaget and
> > Vygotsky
> > > corresponded so closely. I think one of the great benefits of all 
> > > you
> > have
> > > been writing about is that it gets us to focus on the process of
> change.
> > > Piaget had a name for this process, but, disequilbrium. But he 
> > > does not single out the period of (relatively) rapid transition 
> > > for special
> > notice.
> > > LSV does. And in a manner that seems to be au courant, even if it 
> > > is
> in a
> > > different dialect.*
> > > ​
> > >
> > > ​Do you by chance have a pdf of the Halliday article?
> > >
> > > mike​
> > >
> > > Halliday, M.A.K. (1978) Meaning and the Construction of Reality. 
> > > In
> Modes
> > > > of Perceiving and Processing Information (H.L. Pick and E. 
> > > > Saltzman
> > Eds),
> > > > Hillside, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 67-96, Also in the Collected
> Works
> > of
> > > > M.A.K. Halliday, Voll 4, pp. 113-143).
> > > >
> > > > David Kellogg
> > > >
> > > > On Wed, Sep 9, 2015 at 1:07 AM, Peg Griffin 
> > > > <Peg.Griffin@att.net>
> > wrote:
> > > >
> > > > > Thank you, Mike -- and Martin and Sheila!
> > > > > Good material to think with and a nudge to look again at 
> > > > > Barbara
> > Means'
> > > > > baby reports.
> > > > > Tangentially, you know those strollers for babies that are
> reversible
> > > --
> > > > > the reclining baby can be looking toward the person pushing 
> > > > > the
> > > stroller
> > > > or
> > > > > with a switch the baby can be looking at the same world the 
> > > > > pusher
> > > sees?
> > > > >  Maybe different affordances for proto-conversations within 
> > > > > one
> wider
> > > > > culture (don't know of any studies) and possible mini-impacts 
> > > > > on developments like smiling?
> > > > > Peg
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > > -----Original Message-----
> > > > > From: xmca-l-bounces+peg.griffin=att.net@mailman.ucsd.edu [mailto:
> > > > > xmca-l-bounces+peg.griffin=att.net@mailman.ucsd.edu] On Behalf 
> > > > > xmca-l-bounces+Of
> > mike
> > > > > cole
> > > > > Sent: Monday, September 07, 2015 3:20 PM
> > > > > To: eXtended Mind, Culture, Activity
> > > > > Subject: [Xmca-l] Dynamics of Developmental Change
> > > > >
> > > > > I have been trying to think of a way to more concretely engage
> > David's
> > > > > developmental domainsxstages table. One of David's stage 
> > > > > margins is
> > at
> > > 3
> > > > > months and there is ample reason for arguing for the existence 
> > > > > a
> > stage
> > > > > shift in development at this time. (My wife and I wrote about 
> > > > > it in
> > > just
> > > > > this way in our textbook).
> > > > > However, there is also a lot of interesting, newer, evidence
> showing
> > > the
> > > > > cultural-historical contingency of the changes that 
> > > > > underpinned the developmental literature for several decades.
> > > > >
> > > > > I thought that perhaps this example, since it is pretty well 
> > > > > worked
> > > out,
> > > > > might help us get at the issues David raised. I believe this 
> > > > > work
> > could
> > > > > usefully be related to notions of zopeds, but am not sure.
> > > > >
> > > > > This rather long fragment is taken from a recent article that
> Martin
> > > and
> > > > I
> > > > > wrote.
> > > > >
> > > > > mike
> > > > >
> > > > > (For this one, not only Boesch but Waddington are apt: The 
> > > > > latter
> > > having
> > > > > written that every new level of development implies a new,
> relevant,
> > > > > context.)
> > > > >
> > > > > It is the dilemma of psychology to deal as a natural science 
> > > > > with
> an
> > > > > object that creates history. Ernst Boesch
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > --
> > >
> > > It is the dilemma of psychology to deal as a natural science with 
> > > an object that creates history. Ernst Boesch
> > >
> >
>
>
>
> --
>
> It is the dilemma of psychology to deal as a natural science with an 
> object that creates history. Ernst Boesch
>