[Xmca-l] Re: Halliday and Vygotsky

[David Kellogg]

Of course, BOTH Huw and Mike are right. A "respectable" guru is really
another name for a fellow student (cue Brahms's "Academic Overture"
and another round of Weizenbier). But what gets handed down, at least
according to Vygotsky, is neither word nor deed (the original Goethe
reference, after all, is Mephistophelian!). It's the stern injunction
that when you get handed a deed, that's just the beginning.

That said, I enjoyed both Langacker articles a lot, and I particularly
liked reading the account of ellipsis, since I work with a lot of
elliptical data (children who ride parasitically on the clause grammar
of the teacher). I also appreciated the obvious continuity to Chafe,
whose work on intonation and the encoding of time I highly prize.
Finally, I congratulate anyone who managed to read to the end of my
last screed--and of course I apologize for the error: what I meant to
say was that if we really DO accept that language has a potentially
liberating effect on classpirations (either ensuring class mobility or
placing us "in but not of" class society) then we have to accept its
potentially crippling effect as well.

Let me just say a word about adversarial polemics and what I think is
the underlying issue, that is, intellectual insecurity. When I was new
to the list, now more than a decade ago, I was a little irked by
Mike's pastoral role; it seemed to me that whenever the rumpus
appeared about to get interesting, Mike would intervene with a "Now,
calm down, children!", and the excitement would dissipate. I think I
once pointed out to him that Vygotsky himself was a pretty strident
polemicist. I have now, in the course of translating Vygotsky, read
him a little more carefully, and I realize that although Vygotsky
never actually agrees with anybody (not even himself), he also never
entirely disagrees with anybody either; indeed he is apt to find very
positive and very useful things in the most unlikely places: Bergson,
James, Husserl, Herbart, and even (though he is a militant Spinozist)
Descartes. Vygotsky just doesn't ever have the intellectual insecurity
required for unmitigated contempt.

All of which is preamble to something I never thought I would write
this side of the grave: Andy is really not altogether wrong in his
defense of Descartes, and Chomsky too, although insufferably
formalist, idealist, yea, explicitly Cartesian, has something to offer
us. In particular, it was Chomsky who made the case that communication
is not, in the course of a normal adult day, the main function of
language: the preponderance of inner speech over externalized speech
must be something like the preponderance of oral speech over writing,
and we will only really have a scientific linguistics when we learn to
take inner speech as the model just as modern linguists now take oral
speech as the model. Oral speech, you see, is a deed, and as Vygotsky
says, a deed is only a commencement.

David Kellogg
Hankuk University of Foreign Studies


On 2 September 2014 07:01, Huw Lloyd <huw.softdesigns@gmail.com> wrote:
> Surely any respectable guru should be handing down the the deed rather than
> the word?  :)
>
>
>
>
>
> On 1 September 2014 18:56, mike cole <lchcmike@gmail.com> wrote:
>
>> We are students, here, Henry. An imposter would someone who poses as a guru
>> who hands down THE WORD, not one who seeks to understand.
>>
>> I believe that among many important distinctions David introduced, the
>> emphasis on development, on change over time, is an important
>> differentiator among scholarly traditions under discussion. We imagine we
>> see many affinities, locally, among (for example) the DCOG approach of Ed
>> Hutchins and his colleagues and LCHC folks. But was also see our different
>> emphases on development as a difference that makes a difference -- a topic
>> of ongoing discussion and exploration.
>>
>> There are many such in David's recent posts.
>> mike
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> On Mon, Sep 1, 2014 at 9:07 AM, Henry G. Shonerd III <hshonerd@gmail.com>
>> wrote:
>>
>> > David,
>> > Let me start by saying I feel like an imposter taking part in this dialog
>> > at all, so new to XMCA and so short on deep knowledge of Vygotsky (though
>> > I've tried for many years to get there!) and totally lacking in a
>> knowledge
>> > of Halliday, so many years since I have read from his work. Sorry about
>> > that. However, I am glad that I weighed in a few days back by introducing
>> > Langacker into the conversation and totally appreciate you would respond.
>> >
>> > I am sure that your contrast between Halliday and Langacker are well
>> > taken, however I think that, for me, the important contrast is not
>> between
>> > Langacker and Halliday, but between Langacker and Halliday, on the one
>> > side, and Chomsky on the other. This is important for the historical
>> > development of linguistics as a discipline, in the U.S. at least, in the
>> > same way that William James, and Charles Peirce before James,
>> represented a
>> > leap in the development of psychology and philosophy on this side of the
>> > waters. I understand that European traditions in philosophy and
>> psychology,
>> > more influenced by Marxist thinking, are markedly different from those in
>> > the U.S., and that may have something to do with your analysis. However,
>> I
>> > think Langacker has much to offer to the XMCA dialog. I am thinking that
>> > Langacker is a complement to Halliday, not an adversary.
>> >
>> > Langacker and Halliday are semioticians, as was Vygotsky. Chomsky, who
>> has
>> > made his reputation by attacking structural linguistics and
>> behavioralism,
>> > sees language as an autonomous cognitive module and grammar as autonomous
>> > from meaning; with Fodor he sees syntax and meaning as "blind" to one
>> > another. Langacker sees externally realized language form as a subset of
>> > meaning and language as rooted in all cognitive functioning; in other
>> > words, he sees (language-based) semantic space as a subset of symbolic
>> > space. Though Langacker doesn't focus on language development, what
>> little
>> > he says makes it clearly the result of a dynamic interplay between real
>> > language use in context and the developing grammar of the child. Grammar
>> as
>> > structure is a reification of the dynamics of mental processing, just as
>> > nouns are reifications of verbs. There's a simplicity in his grammatical
>> > analysis that I think is of use in understanding the connection between
>> > language and thinking: Words stand for things, processes and relations.
>> > This is in line with what we have all learned about "parts of speech",
>> but
>> > Langacker, by construing parts of speech this way, makes grammatical
>> > analysis meaningful/semantic, not formalistic. For Langacker, language
>> and
>> > meaning are both in the head of the language user and "out there" in the
>> > world. I think I get why you find Langacker's comment on each of us
>> > "experientially occupying the center of the universe" as Piagetian:
>> > egocentric thinking. But, as per Langacker, language reveals our ability
>> to
>> > construe "the universe" non-egocentrically. His work in subjectification
>> > and objectification is interesting on this score. You are certainly right
>> > that Langacker "makes up" his examples of language, but they are good
>> > examples and that's how specialists in grammar work. I agree with you
>> that
>> > "thick description" has got to be done to understand language, but that's
>> > not an argument against introspection. His work is in Cognitive Grammar,
>> > not the broader discipline of cognitive linguistics. Halliday, I believe,
>> > is seen as a scholar of functional linguistics, which is very much
>> > compatible with cognitive linguistics. One of the hard problems of
>> > cognitive linguistics and Cognitive Grammar is to take on discourse. The
>> > work of Bruner on narrative as a foundation for cultural psychology
>> appears
>> > to have taken hold in XMCA circles. (An excellent article by Andy Blunden
>> > (2010), Narrative and Metaphors tells me so.) I was hoping that Langacker
>> > might find favor there too. (Or, I should say here, since I am gratefully
>> > part of the circle!)
>> >
>> >  I'll end by repeating my sense of inadequacy in making the case for
>> > Langacker. The article by Merja and her colleagues in Helsinki is
>> evidence
>> > that Langacker is of use to others in the CHAT, others that are NOT
>> > impostors!
>> > Henry
>> >
>> > On Sep 1, 2014, at 1:30 AM, David Kellogg <dkellogg60@gmail.com> wrote:
>> >
>> > > Martin--
>> > >
>> > > I think, if you've read "Learning to Mean", you've got the essentials
>> > > (although there is a whole volume of Halliday's Collected Works, with
>> > > a huge CD of the complete Nigel Transcripts that supports this now).
>> > > And you've certainly got the esssential compability between Halliday
>> > > and Vygotsky that is lacking when I read Langacker.
>> > >
>> > > Firstly, development. Halliday uses real data, from real people. The
>> > > latest work is entirely corpus based. As you can see from Langacker's
>> > > articles, he makes up his data. To me, this means he is all
>> > > explanation and no description.
>> > >
>> > > Secondly, what develops is free choice. For Halliday, a system is
>> > > essentially paradigmatic, like Vygotsky's description of thinking in
>> > > Chapter Seven of Thinking and Speech. A grammatical choice like tense
>> > > or polarity is in essence a crossroads; it's a place where you can
>> > > turn left or right (and sometimes go straight, but for the choices to
>> > > be manageable to a human mind, they need to be fairly few). Langacker
>> > > doesn't see this: his way of handling complexity is not to give us
>> > > systems within systems but instead to give us superhuman powers of
>> > > access and activation (essentially, superhuman powers of empathy). But
>> > > as Vygotsky says in HDHMF, the concept of the development of higher
>> > > mental functions, the concept of cultural behavior, and the concept of
>> > > the development of self control are essentially one and the same
>> > > concept.
>> > >
>> > > Thirdly, both Halliday and Vygotsky are Marxists, and they both insist
>> > > on a dialectical concept of development. I don't see this in Langacker
>> > > at all--instead, I see rather Piagetian remarks, like "Experientially,
>> > > each of us occupies the very centre of our universe, from which we
>> > > apprehend the world around us." Halliday is always interrogating
>> > > function about structure, and history about function. Langacker is
>> > > mosly interrogating made up examples.
>> > >
>> > > I don't want to say that there are NO differences to be reconciled
>> > > between Halliday and Vygotsky. The most obvious difference, though, is
>> > > the least useful: Halliday talks of metafunctions that are made up of
>> > > grammatical systems, while Vygotsky wants us to accept that
>> > > psychological systems are made up of functions. I think this
>> > > difference is actually uninteresting, because when Vygotsky uses the
>> > > word "function" he's talking about choices (i.e. Halliday's systems)
>> > > and when Vygotsky uses the term "system" he's talking about
>> > > interfunctional relations (i.e. Halliday's metafunctions).
>> > >
>> > > A more substantial difference is that Halliday sees the grammatical
>> > > system as being revolutionized during child development, while the
>> > > semantics are basically stable. Vygotsky sees speech as
>> > > revolutionizing thinking as well.
>> > >
>> > > Finally, I think Halliday would reject the idea that Vygotsky argues
>> > > in Chapter Seven of Thinking and Speech--that thinking (that is, the
>> > > ideational metafunction, the representative function of speech)
>> > > happens somehow on an inner plane, which is then projected onto a
>> > > plane of "inner speech (that is, Rheme and New in the textual
>> > > metafunction) and then realized as "outer speech" (Halliday's
>> > > interpersonal metafunction).
>> > >
>> > > For Hallliday, ideation, textualization, and interpersonalization
>> > > exist in thinking as well as in speech and at every point along the
>> > > way; they must be variously represented whenever we speak, and however
>> > > we do it, and at clause level they are mapped onto each other (as
>> > > transitivity, information structure, and mood). But the very fact that
>> > > Halliday, unlike Langacker, separates clause structure into these
>> > > three metafunctions, and that these three metafunctions (the
>> > > ideational, the textual, and the interpersonal) correspond very
>> > > precisely to "Thinking", "and" and "Speech" tells you quite a bit
>> > > about the latent affinities between Halliday and Vygotsky, there to be
>> > > brought out..
>> > >
>> > > In practical terms, Halliday's sociology is not just Marxist but
>> > > Bernsteinian: if we really do not accept that language has a
>> > > potentially liberating effect, then we have to accept that it is also
>> > > has a potentially crippling effect. Interestingly, this was Stalin's
>> > > position against Marr and Vygotsky: language is not part of the
>> > > superstructure, it is part of the base.
>> > >
>> > > My own view is that both are right--language viewed from economic
>> > > activity is superstructure, but language viewed from ontogenesis is
>> > > base.  So if we do not accept that that parent language has an effect
>> > > on a child's code and therefore on his or herl classpirations (pardon
>> > > my portmanteau), then we can conclude only either a) we already live
>> > > in a classless society (Leontiev), or b) language is more afterthought
>> > > than aperitif (Piaget).
>> > >
>> > > David Kellogg
>> > > Hankuk University of Foreign Studies
>> >
>> >
>>