[Xmca-l] Re: Metaphors
HENRY SHONERD
hshonerd@gmail.com
Sat Dec 20 08:32:54 PST 2014
I am wondering if anything cultural is NOT embodied, since culture is human.
Henry
> On Dec 19, 2014, at 7:38 PM, Annalisa Aguilar <annalisa@unm.edu> wrote:
>
> Hi metaphorically reasoning friends reasoning about metaphors,
>
> I wanted to say that there is a connection between what Larry is calling imaginal metaphors (I think he is calling them that), and what David is calling grammatical metaphors (I think he is calling them that).
>
> They are both classes of metaphors, but of a different order.
>
> In both cases, I'd say they can be of a cultural type and an embodied type. For example in the case of English prepositions, they are to an English speaker embodied and spatial, but in comparison to Sanskrit it would be also cultural because the word is separated from the object.
>
> For imaginal metaphors these can be embodied and cultural as well. "She sings sweetly," is embodied; "A rose is a rose is a rose by any other name," is cultural (coming from Shakespeare), unless I have misquoted him, of course.
>
> Kind regards,
>
> Annalisa
>
>
>
> ________________________________________
> From: xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu <xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu> on behalf of Larry Purss <lpscholar2@gmail.com>
> Sent: Friday, December 19, 2014 5:41 PM
> To: eXtended Mind, Culture, Activity
> Subject: [Xmca-l] Re: Metaphors
>
> David, Robert, Francine
> I find the insights offered by "grammatical metaphor" [contrasted with
> "lexical metaphor"] and the comparison of Chaucer's use of grammatical
> metaphor in relation TO Newton as potentially pregnant with possibility.
>
> LINKING also to Hopi ways of moving in the world and Aboriginal ways of
> orienting indicates a potent vantage point for elaborating
> cultural-historical theory and sociocritical literacy.
> Is "metaphor" too vast a topic line. David's examples of "grammatical
> metaphor" within specific historical developments seem to situate science
> and reason and equating in a radically different relation to the
> imaginal?.
>
> I also wonder if another thread should explore the multiple complex German
> themes of the imaginal in Kant, Hegel, that was recently posted. I was lost
> in the subtle differences but sense these differences in German may be
> relevant to our exploration of the imaginal.
> I am learning the complexity of this theme and "grammatical metaphor" seems
> to be key to different notions of the fact/fiction reciprocal trans-lations
> Larry
>
> On Fri, Dec 19, 2014 at 3:48 PM, larry smolucha <lsmolucha@hotmail.com>
> wrote:
>>
>> Message from Francine:
>>
>> Just a thought - Is the use of nouns, verbs, prepositions a result
>> of developing a written language based on an alphabet?
>>
>> Language use in a culture with no written language would surely differ
>> significantly.
>>
>> And written languages based on hieroglyphs, pictograms, cuneiform,
>> Norse Runes, Celtic oghams, etc. surely divide and frame experience
>> differently.
>>
>>
>>> From: boblake@georgiasouthern.edu
>>> Date: Fri, 19 Dec 2014 16:43:24 -0500
>>> To: xmca-l@mailman.ucsd.edu
>>> Subject: [Xmca-l] Re: Metaphors
>>>
>>> Hi Everyone,
>>> I appreciate this thread's emphasis on the relativistic character of
>>> metaphoric language and find think that it supports Vygotsky's notion of
>>> the fluid nature of language as it emerges from socio-cultural and
>>> socio-historical contexts in meaning making (in contrast to biological
>>> determinism). Because each culture makes meaning in widely diverse ways,
>>> language forms and usage might have complex intricacies and shades of
>>> meaning on one concept alone. Along with the example of early 20th
>> century
>>> Hopi's view of time, there are other more recent examples from the
>> present
>>> day that suggest ways that language can shape thought .
>>>
>>> Consider the Australian aboriginal language, Guugu Yimithirr, from north
>>> Queensland who have no words for right or left, in front of, or behind to
>>> describe location. Instead they use the points of the compass even when
>>> requesting that someone move over to make room. They will say “move a bit
>>> to the east.” To tell you where exactly they left something in your
>> house,
>>> they’ll say, “I left it on the southern edge of the western table.”
>> (Deutscher,
>>> 2010, p. MM 42)
>>>
>>> The effect on the thinking of this group is phenomenal in orienting the
>>> speakers to their directional spatial environment to such a degree that
>>> roughly 1 out of every 10 words in conversational Guugu Yimithirr
>> includes
>>> either north, south, east or west and is accompanied with precise hand
>>> gestures (ibid). Consequently in this culture, language acquisition
>>> involves constant awareness of spaces relative to the points of the
>>> compass. Deutscher relays a fascinating story about the ways that memory
>>> is stored for the speakers of this language. The story also serves as a
>>> clear example of Vygotsky’s notion of language as a mediating tool as a
>>> means of creating higher levels of consciousness through spatial
>>> kinesthetic approaches to meaning creation.
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>> One Guugu Yimithirr speaker was filmed telling his friends the story of
>> how
>>> in his youth, he capsized in shark-infested waters. He and an older
>> person
>>> were caught in a storm, and their boat tipped over. They both jumped into
>>> the water and managed to swim nearly three miles to the shore, only to
>>> discover that the missionary for whom they worked was far more concerned
>> at
>>> the loss of the boat than relieved at their miraculous escape. Apart from
>>> the dramatic content, the remarkable thing about the story was that it
>> was
>>> remembered throughout in cardinal directions: the speaker jumped into the
>>> water on the western side of the boat, his companion to the east of the
>>> boat, they saw a giant shark swimming north and so on. Perhaps the
>> cardinal
>>> directions were just made up for the occasion? Well, quite by chance, the
>>> same person was filmed some years later telling the same story. The
>>> cardinal directions matched exactly in the two tellings. Even more
>>> remarkable were the spontaneous hand gestures that accompanied the story.
>>> For instance, the direction in which the boat rolled over was gestured in
>>> the correct geographic orientation, regardless of the direction the
>> speaker
>>> was facing in the two films (ibid).
>>>
>>>
>>> *Robert*
>>>
>>>
>>> Deutscher, G. (2010, August 29) Does your language shape how you think?
>> *The
>>> New York Times* *Sunday Magazine, *p. MM 42.
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>> On Fri, Dec 19, 2014 at 4:05 PM, David Kellogg <dkellogg60@gmail.com>
>> wrote:
>>>>
>>>> Yes, Haliday is essentially a Whorfian, and that's one of things that
>>>> brings him close to Vygotsky. (Compare, for example, Chomsky, who is
>>>> essentially anti-developmental in his ideas about language, and who now
>>>> rejects the leading role played by social communication and says that
>>>> communication is epiphenomenal to language, whose original purpose is
>>>> thought.) For Sapir, and for Whorf, in the beginning of every major
>>>> onotogenetic, sociogenetic, and even phylogenetic change in language
>> there
>>>> has to be some change in the nature of communication.
>>>>
>>>> So what Andy says about the lack of the basis of modern science in Hopi
>>>> applies perfectly well to English. When we read the scientific
>> writings of
>>>> Chaucer on the astrolabe, for example, we do not see words like
>>>> "reflection", "refraction" or "alignment". Chaucer uses words like
>> "bounce
>>>> off", "bend through", and "line up" (note the use of prepositions,
>>>> Helena!). Where did these words come from, and how did they make
>> scientific
>>>> English possible?
>>>>
>>>> Most of us have no problem saying that Isaac Newton discovered the
>> laws of
>>>> gravitation. But it's only a slight exaggeration to say that what he
>> really
>>>> discovered was the meaning potential of words like "gravitation".
>> Gravity
>>>> is, of course, not a thing at all; that is, it's not an entity, but
>> rather
>>>> a process, the process of falling down, or falling in (preps, again!).
>> So
>>>> how and above all why does it become an entity?
>>>>
>>>> It's interesting to compare Newton's writings on optics with Chaucer's
>> on
>>>> the astrolabe. The "Opticks" has a fixed format that we recognize
>> almost
>>>> instantly today: Newton describes his equipment (the prism and the dark
>>>> room); he then narrates his method as a kind of recipe ("First, I did
>> this;
>>>> then I did that") and draws conclusions, which he then formulates in
>>>> mathematical terms (this is essentially the format of Vygotsky's
>> lectures
>>>> on pedology, so much so that when translating them we had some trouble
>>>> determining the precise moment when Vygotsky turns to the blackboard to
>>>> write his conclusion in the form of a law).
>>>>
>>>> In order to get them into mathematical shape, though, he has to make
>>>> sentences that look a lot like equations. "The plumpness of the lens
>> yields
>>>> a greater refraction of the light", "The reflection of the light from
>> the
>>>> glass results of the light striking the flatness of the glass" "The
>>>> curvature of the spectacle glass supplies the lacking plumpness of the
>>>> eye". In each of these, a quality or a process which would normally be
>>>> realized as an adjective or a verb is suddenly realized by a noun,
>> creating
>>>> an imaginary entity.
>>>>
>>>> That's grammatical metaphor. Something that is "canonically" realized
>> by a
>>>> verb ("to grow") is suddenly realized nominally ("growth"), or
>> something
>>>> that is canonically a quality ('red") is realized verbally ("redden").
>> We
>>>> even find related clauses realized as verbs ("She did not know the
>> rules.
>>>> So she died" is realized by "Death was brought about through
>> ignorance",
>>>> all of these examples from Halliday). In fact, the Genetic Law that
>>>> Vygotsky formulates in "Mind in Society" ("Every higher mental
>> function is
>>>> realized on two planes....") is really just one instance of grammatical
>>>> metaphor.
>>>>
>>>> One of Chomsky's best known arguments for the radical innateness
>> hypothesis
>>>> is this. If I take a sentence like "Students who do not do their
>> homework
>>>> do not do well" and I want to make a question, how do I know which
>> "do" to
>>>> move to the front? Chomsky assumes that this knowledge is essentially
>>>> innate; it is part of universal grammar. But you can see that "Do
>> students
>>>> who do not do their homework do well?" can be built up through a
>> process of
>>>> what we might call "discourse metaphor"--whereby clauses stand for
>>>> exchanges:
>>>>
>>>> Mother: You did your homework, didn't you?
>>>> Child: No.
>>>> Mother: You didn't do your homework? Did you do well?
>>>> Child: No.
>>>> Mother: You didn't do well?
>>>> Child: No.
>>>> Mother: You didn't do you homework so you didn't do well. Do the other
>>>> students do well?
>>>> Child: Some of them.
>>>> Mother: Who does well? Do students who do not do their homework do
>> well?
>>>>
>>>> And this of course explains why wh-items like "who" and 'why" have two
>>>> functions--one inside a clause, where it expresses an intra-mental
>> function
>>>> (grammar) and one between them where it expresses an inter-mental
>> function
>>>> (discourse).
>>>>
>>>> I realize that grammatical metaphor will seem rather dry and abstract
>> and
>>>> unpoetic to people who assume that metaphor is only of the lexical
>> kind.
>>>> But to me, and I think to most children, it is far far more powerful
>> and
>>>> far more important developmentally. In some ways, it's the lexical
>> metaphor
>>>> that is responsible for the disenchantment of the child's world, while
>> the
>>>> grammatical metaphor infinitely expands it. (And here, I'm afraid, I
>> must
>>>> stop--it's time for breakfast and anyway my one screen is used up!)
>>>>
>>>> David Kellogg
>>>> Hankuk University of Foreign Studies
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> , or "the
>>>>
>>>> . He
>>>>
>>>> On 19 December 2014 at 15:15, Greg Thompson <greg.a.thompson@gmail.com
>>>
>>>> wrote:
>>>>
>>>>> Helena and David,
>>>>> I wonder if this quote below from Benjamin Whorf (one of the
>> so-called
>>>>> authors of the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis - a kindred
>> tradition to
>>>>> Vygotsky's) might be useful. In it Whorf is comparing the Hopi
>> notion of
>>>>> "time" to the SAE (Standard Average European - including English)
>> notion
>>>> of
>>>>> "time" and how each of these languages offers different affordances
>> of
>>>>> meaning. Whereas Hopi has a much more processual understanding,
>> English
>>>> has
>>>>> a much more reified/objectified/entified sense of time. (btw, I
>> think the
>>>>> first paragraph is easier to follow than the second - and in that
>> first
>>>>> paragraph you'll find our old friend "imagination").
>>>>> David, does this jibe with what you were pointing to?
>>>>> -greg
>>>>>
>>>>> Taken from:
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>
>> http://web.stanford.edu/dept/SUL/library/extra4/sloan/mousesite/Secondary/Whorfframe2.html
>>>>>
>>>>> " "Such terms as summer, winter, September, morning, noon, sunset"
>> are
>>>> with
>>>>> us nouns, and have little formal linguistic difference from other
>> nouns.
>>>>> They can be subjects or objects, and we say "at sunset" or "in
>> winter"
>>>> just
>>>>> as we say "at a corner" or "in an orchard." They are pluralized and
>>>>> numerated like nouns of physical objects, as we have seen. Our
>> thought
>>>>> about the referents of such words hence becomes objectified. Without
>>>>> objectification, it would be a subjective experience of real time,
>> i.e.
>>>> of
>>>>> the consciousness of "becoming later and later"--simply a cyclic
>> phase
>>>>> similar to an earlier phase in that ever-later-becoming duration.
>> Only by
>>>>> imagination can such a cyclic phase be set beside another and
>> another in
>>>>> the manner of a spatial (i.e. visually perceived) configuration. "But
>>>> such
>>>>> is the power of linguistic analogy that we do so objectify cyclic
>>>> phasing.
>>>>> We do it even by saying "a phase" and "phases" instead of e.g.,
>>>> "phasing."
>>>>> And the pattern of individual and mass nouns, with the resulting
>> binomial
>>>>> formula of formless item plus form, is so general that it is
>> implicit for
>>>>> all nouns, and hence our very generalized formless items like
>> "substance,
>>>>> matter," by which we can fill out the binomial for an enormously wide
>>>> range
>>>>> of nouns. But even these are not quite generalized enough to take in
>> our
>>>>> phase nouns. So for the phase nouns we have made a formless item,
>> "time."
>>>>> We have made it by using "a time," i.e. an occasion or a phase, in
>> the
>>>>> pattern of a mass noun, just as from "a summer" we make "summer" in
>> the
>>>>> pattern of a mass noun. Thus with our binomial formula we can say and
>>>> think
>>>>> "a moment of time, a second of time, a year of time." Let me again
>> point
>>>>> out that the pattern is simply that of "a bottle of milk" or "a
>> piece of
>>>>> cheese." Thus we are assisted to imagine that "a summer" actually
>>>> contains
>>>>> or consists of such-and-such a quantity of "time."
>>>>>
>>>>> In Hopi however all phase terms, like "summer, morning," etc., are
>> not
>>>>> nouns but a kind of adverb, to use the nearest SAE analogy. They are
>> a
>>>>> formal part of speech by themselves, distinct from nouns, verbs, and
>> even
>>>>> other Hopi "adverbs." Such a word is not a case form or a locative
>>>> pattern,
>>>>> like "des Abends" or "in the morning." It contains no morpheme like
>> one
>>>> of
>>>>> "in the house" or "at the tree." It means "when it is morning" or
>> "while
>>>>> morning-phase is occurring." These "temporal s" are not used as
>> subjects
>>>> or
>>>>> objects, or at all like nouns. One does not say "it's a hot summer"
>> or
>>>>> "summer is hot"; summer is not hot, summer is only WHEN conditions
>> are
>>>> hot,
>>>>> WHEN heat occurs. One does not say "THIS summer," but "summer now" or
>>>>> "summer recently." There is no objectification, as a region, an
>> extent, a
>>>>> quantity, of the subjective duration feeling. Nothing is suggested
>> about
>>>>> time except the perpetual "getting later" of it. And so there is no
>> basis
>>>>> here for a formless item answering to our "time." "
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> On Thu, Dec 18, 2014 at 3:12 PM, Helena Worthen <
>> helenaworthen@gmail.com
>>>>>
>>>>> wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> David, I am with you and etremeley interested right up to this:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> "But grammatical metaphors, such as the nominalizations that Newton
>>>>>> and Galileo created to talk about gravity as an entity and to
>> create
>>>>>> sentences that look like mathematical equations, are highly
>> productive,
>>>>>> which is why they still form the basis of scientific writing and
>>>> thinking
>>>>>> today."
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Can you slow down for a moment and give some examples? I lose you
>> when
>>>>> you
>>>>>> say "created to talk about gravity as an entity".
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Thank you,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Helena
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Helena Worthen
>>>>>> helenaworthen@gmail.com
>>>>>>
>>>>>> On Dec 18, 2014, at 1:59 PM, David Kellogg wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>>> As Helena points out, prepositions are from the "grammatical"
>> end of
>>>>> what
>>>>>>> Henry has called the "lexicon-grammar" continuum (and what
>> Halliday
>>>>> calls
>>>>>>> "wording" or "lexicogrammar"). What that means is that they have
>>>> three
>>>>>>> properties that words from the more "lexical" end do not have:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> a) They are a closed class. You can't invent new ones. (You can,
>>>>>> actually,
>>>>>>> but you can't teach people to use it, whereas if you invent a new
>>>> name
>>>>>> or a
>>>>>>> new noun like "lexicogrammar", you can).
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> b) They are systemic. They are not liimited to specific semantic
>>>> field
>>>>>> (the
>>>>>>> way that "lexicogrammar" is limited to a particular area of
>>>>> linguistics)
>>>>>>> but can be used wherever nouns and adverbial phrases are used.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> c) They are proportional. They always have more or less the same
>>>>> effect,
>>>>>>> which is why when you say "there's a flaw in your argument" the
>> "in"
>>>>> has
>>>>>>> more or less the same feeling to it as the "in" in "there's a
>> fly in
>>>>> your
>>>>>>> tea". In contrast, the word "lexicogrammar" MIGHT, in Henry's
>> hands,
>>>>>> refer
>>>>>>> to a book or even a footnote.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Now, the interesting thing for me is that these properties pretty
>>>> much
>>>>>>> define the difference between learning and development, at least
>> as I
>>>>>>> understand it from Koffka. Learning is adding on functions
>>>>>>> indefinitely while development works by reorganizing the closed
>> set
>>>> of
>>>>>>> functions you already have into new systems. Learning is skill
>>>> specific
>>>>>>> and local, while development is quite global in its implications.
>>>>>> Learning
>>>>>>> is non-proportional and doesn't generalize to create new systems,
>>>> while
>>>>>>> development does. And this is why we learn vocabulary (and
>> forget it
>>>>> just
>>>>>>> as readily) but grammar seems to grow on you and never goes away.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> For Halliday, lexical metaphors (e.g. "that little tent of blue
>> that
>>>>>> people
>>>>>>> call the sky") are simply metaphors from the non-productive end
>> of
>>>> the
>>>>>>> lexicogrammatical continuum, which is why they are crisp,
>> concrete,
>>>> and
>>>>>>> vivid. But grammatical metaphors, such as the nominalizations
>> that
>>>>> Newton
>>>>>>> and Galileo created to talk about gravity as an entity and to
>> create
>>>>>>> sentences that look like mathematical equations, are highly
>>>> productive,
>>>>>>> which is why they still form the basis of scientific writing and
>>>>> thinking
>>>>>>> today. For Halliday, the "break" into grammatical metaphor is
>> the
>>>>> third
>>>>>>> great moment in child development (after the break into mother
>> tongue
>>>>> and
>>>>>>> the break into disciplinary language in school work).
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Prepositions, of course, encode geometrical notions: "at" implies
>>>> zero
>>>>>>> dimensions ('at a point'), "on' implies one or two ("on a line',
>> 'on
>>>> a
>>>>>>> plane') and "in" impies three ('in a space'). But because they
>> are
>>>>>>> grammatical, and therefore productive, we also use them with
>> time:
>>>> 'at
>>>>> a
>>>>>>> point in time', 'on a morning/afternoon', 'in 2015'. Compare: "at
>>>>>>> Christmas' (a specific time), "on Christmas' (the very day), and
>> "in
>>>>>>> Christmas' (season).
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> David Kellogg
>>>>>>> Hankuk University of Foreign Studies
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> On 19 December 2014 at 04:32, Helena Worthen <
>>>> helenaworthen@gmail.com>
>>>>>>> wrote:
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> Yes to prepositions as metaphors. They "carry across" spatial
>>>>>>>> relationships from the concrete material world into the
>> conceptual
>>>>>>>> imaginary world. There are not many of them (50 common ones, and
>>>>>> between 70
>>>>>>>> and 150 total, including multi-word prepositions like "as far
>> as" --
>>>>>> this
>>>>>>>> is according to
>>>> https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/prepositions.htm
>>>>> ).
>>>>>>>> We don't make up new ones. They don't have synonyms.
>> Apparently, in
>>>>>>>> English, they evolved from and did the job done by inflections
>> in
>>>>> parent
>>>>>>>> languages, examples being cases and tenses.
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> But there is real difference in meaning between an inflection
>> like
>>>> the
>>>>>>>> dative or accusative cases in Latin and the spatial
>> relationships
>>>>>> suggested
>>>>>>>> by contemporary prepositions.
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> I'll bet someone else on this list knows a lot more about this.
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> Helena Worthen
>>>>>>>> helenaworthen@gmail.com
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> On Dec 18, 2014, at 9:58 AM, HENRY SHONERD wrote:
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> I’m with Andy on prepositions as metaphors. They are clearly
>>>>> embodied,
>>>>>>>> proprioceptive, symbolic, meaningful. A standard intro to
>>>> linguistics
>>>>>> (For
>>>>>>>> example, Yule, The Study of Language) semantics is focused on
>>>>> “lexicon”:
>>>>>>>> nouns, verbs, adjectives, absolutely no mention of prepositions,
>>>> being
>>>>>> part
>>>>>>>> of grammar, as it is traditionally construed. Langacker and
>> Halliday
>>>>>> see no
>>>>>>>> clear demarcation between lexicon and grammar, hence,
>>>> lexico-grammar.
>>>>>> (Lo
>>>>>>>> and behold, my spell check wanted me to write lexicon-grammar,
>>>> adding
>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>> “n”. The traditions holds! Keep them separate!) Word coinings
>> are
>>>>> great
>>>>>>>> data for imagination and creativity. Did Vygotsky do much of
>> that?
>>>> In
>>>>>>>> translation from Russian is word coining ever practiced?
>>>>>>>>> Henry
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> On Dec 18, 2014, at 2:54 AM, Andy Blunden <ablunden@mira.net>
>>>>> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> the kind of metaphor which I find most interesting is the
>>>>> metaphorical
>>>>>>>> use of prepositions like:
>>>>>>>>>> - "there is some value IN your argument"
>>>>>>>>>> - "I'd like to go OVER that again"
>>>>>>>>>> - "I'd don't see what is BEHIND that line of thinking"
>>>>>>>>>> - "Let's go THROUGH that again"
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> and so on.
>>>>>>>>>> Andy
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>
>> ------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>>>>>>>>> *Andy Blunden*
>>>>>>>>>> http://home.pacific.net.au/~andy/
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> larry smolucha wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>> Message from Francine Smolucha:
>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>> Forgive me for replying to myself -
>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>> In regard to combinatory imagination and the synergistic
>>>>>> possibilities:
>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>> In the Genetic Roots of Thought and Speech (1929) published
>> in
>>>>>> Thought
>>>>>>>>>>> and Speech (1934) [or Thought and Language as translated into
>>>>> English
>>>>>>>> 1962]
>>>>>>>>>>> Vygotsky discussed how word meaning is more than the
>> 'additive'
>>>>> value
>>>>>>>> of the
>>>>>>>>>>> two components (the sensory-motor thought and the speech
>>>>>> vocalization).
>>>>>>>>>>> He used the analogy of H2O in which two chemical elements
>> that
>>>> are
>>>>>>>> flammable
>>>>>>>>>>> gases combine to produce water, which is neither flammable
>> nor a
>>>>> gas.
>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>> [Just a note for Newcomers - in the early 20th century
>> European
>>>>>>>> Developmental
>>>>>>>>>>> Psychologists used the word 'genetic' to mean 'developmental'
>>>> hence
>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> Developmental Roots of Thought and Speech or in the case of
>>>>> Piaget's
>>>>>>>> Genetic
>>>>>>>>>>> Epistemology read as Developmental Epistemology.
>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>> And to those XMCARs who mentioned earlier synthesis and
>> synthesis
>>>>>>>> based on
>>>>>>>>>>> metaphoric thinking - definitely - we even see this in
>> Vygotsky's
>>>>>>>> example of H2O.
>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> From: lsmolucha@hotmail.com
>>>>>>>>>>>> To: xmca-l@mailman.ucsd.edu
>>>>>>>>>>>> Date: Wed, 17 Dec 2014 16:18:07 -0600
>>>>>>>>>>>> Subject: [Xmca-l] Re: Imagination
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> Message from Francine Smolucha:
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> Combinatory or recombinative imagination could be
>> synergistic
>>>>>>>>>>>> and produce something new that is more than the sum of the
>>>> parts.
>>>>>>>>>>>> It does not have to mean that "imagination is nothing more
>> than
>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>>> recombining of concrete experiences, nothing really new can
>> ever
>>>>> be
>>>>>>>> imagined"
>>>>>>>>>>>> (David Kellogg's most recent email.)
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> A couple things to consider:
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> (1) Sensory perception involves some element of imagination
>> as
>>>> the
>>>>>>>> brain has
>>>>>>>>>>>> to organize incoming data into a pattern (even at the
>> simplest
>>>>> level
>>>>>>>> of the Gestalt
>>>>>>>>>>>> Law of Closure or Figure/Ground Images).
>>>>>>>>>>>> (2) Memories themselves are reconstructed and not just
>>>>> photographic.
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> (3) The goal of reproductive imagination (memory) is to try
>> to
>>>>>>>> accurately reproduce
>>>>>>>>>>>> the sensory-motor experience of some external event.
>> Whereas,
>>>> the
>>>>>>>> goal of combinatory
>>>>>>>>>>>> imagination is to create something new out of memories,
>> dreams,
>>>>>>>> musings, and even
>>>>>>>>>>>> sensory motor activity involving the actual manipulation of
>>>>> objects
>>>>>>>> and symbols.
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> (4) I think it would be useful to think of the different
>> ways
>>>> that
>>>>>>>> things and concepts can be
>>>>>>>>>>>> combines. For example, I could just combine salt and sugar
>> and
>>>>>> flour.
>>>>>>>>>>>> I can add water and
>> it
>>>>>>>> dissolves a bit
>>>>>>>>>>>> But adding heat
>> changes
>>>>> the
>>>>>>>> combination into a pancake.
>>>>>>>>>>>> [Is this synergistic?]
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> Sorry I have to go now - I am thinking of more
>>>> examples
>>>>>>>> to put the discussion
>>>>>>>>>>>> in the metaphysical realm.
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>> Date: Wed, 17 Dec 2014 20:05:49 +0900
>>>>>>>>>>>>> From: dkellogg60@gmail.com
>>>>>>>>>>>>> To: xmca-l@mailman.ucsd.edu
>>>>>>>>>>>>> Subject: [Xmca-l] Re: Imagination
>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>> Let me--while keeping within the two screen limit--make the
>>>> case
>>>>>> for
>>>>>>>>>>>>> Vygotsky's obsession with discrediting associationism. I
>> think
>>>>> it's
>>>>>>>> not
>>>>>>>>>>>>> just about mediation; as Michael points out, there are
>>>>>>>> associationists who
>>>>>>>>>>>>> are willing to accept that a kind of intermediary
>>>> associationism
>>>>>>>> exists and
>>>>>>>>>>>>> some mediationists who are willing to accept that as
>> mediation.
>>>>>>>> Vygotsky
>>>>>>>>>>>>> has far more in mind. How do we, without invoking religion,
>>>>> explain
>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>>>> uniqueness of our species?
>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>> Is it just the natural egocentrism that every species
>> feels for
>>>>> its
>>>>>>>> own
>>>>>>>>>>>>> kind? From an associationist point of view, and from a
>>>> Piagetian
>>>>>>>>>>>>> perspective--and even from a strict Darwinian one--true
>>>> maturity
>>>>>> as a
>>>>>>>>>>>>> species comes with acknowledging that there is nothing
>> more to
>>>> it
>>>>>>>> than
>>>>>>>>>>>>> that: we are simply a singularly maladaptive variety of
>>>> primate,
>>>>>> and
>>>>>>>> our
>>>>>>>>>>>>> solemn temples and clouded towers are but stones piled upon
>>>> rocks
>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>> order
>>>>>>>>>>>>> to hide this. The value of our cultures have to be judged
>> the
>>>>> same
>>>>>>>> way as
>>>>>>>>>>>>> any other adaptation: in terms of survival value.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>> Making the case for the higher psychological functions and
>> for
>>>>>>>> language is
>>>>>>>>>>>>> not simply a matter of making a NON-religious case human
>>>>>>>> exceptionalism.
>>>>>>>>>>>>> It's also, in a strange way, a way of making the case for
>> the
>>>>>>>> vanguard role
>>>>>>>>>>>>> of the lower classes in human progress. For other species,
>>>>>> prolonging
>>>>>>>>>>>>> childhood is giving hostages to fortune,and looking after
>> the
>>>>> sick
>>>>>>>> and the
>>>>>>>>>>>>> elderly is tantamount to suicide. But because artificial
>> organs
>>>>>>>> (tools) and
>>>>>>>>>>>>> even artificial intelligences (signs) are so important for
>> our
>>>>>>>> species, it
>>>>>>>>>>>>> is in the societies and the sectors of society where these
>>>>>>>> "circuitous,
>>>>>>>>>>>>> compensatory means of development" are most advanced that
>> lead
>>>>> our
>>>>>>>>>>>>> development as a species. The wretched of the earth always
>> been
>>>>>>>> short on
>>>>>>>>>>>>> rocks and stones to pile up and on the wherewithal for
>> material
>>>>>>>> culture
>>>>>>>>>>>>> generally. But language and ideology is quite another
>> matter:
>>>>>>>> verily, here
>>>>>>>>>>>>> the first shall be last and the last shall be first.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>> I think the idea of imagination is a distal form of
>> attention
>>>> is
>>>>>>>> simply the
>>>>>>>>>>>>> logical result of Ribot's model of imagination: he says
>> there
>>>> are
>>>>>>>> only two
>>>>>>>>>>>>> kinds of imagination: reproductive, and recombinative. So
>>>>>>>> imagination is
>>>>>>>>>>>>> nothing more than the recombination of concrete
>> experiences,
>>>> and
>>>>>>>> nothing
>>>>>>>>>>>>> really new can ever be imagined. But as Vygotsky says,
>> when you
>>>>>> hear
>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>>>> name of a place, you don't have to have actually been
>> there to
>>>> be
>>>>>>>> able to
>>>>>>>>>>>>> imagine it. So there must be some artificial memory at
>> work in
>>>>> word
>>>>>>>> meaning.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>> You probably know the hoary old tale about Archimedes, who
>> was
>>>>>> given
>>>>>>>> a
>>>>>>>>>>>>> crown of gold and who discovered that the gold had been
>> mixed
>>>>> with
>>>>>>>> silver
>>>>>>>>>>>>> by measuring the displacement of an equivalent quantity of
>>>> gold.
>>>>>>>> Well, we
>>>>>>>>>>>>> now know that this method doesn't actually work: it's not
>>>>> possible
>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>>>>> measure the differences in water displacement that
>> precisely.
>>>> The
>>>>>>>> method
>>>>>>>>>>>>> that Archimedes actually used was much closer to the
>> "principal
>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>>>> buoyancy" which Vygotsky always talks about.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>> And how do we know this? Because of the Archimedes
>> palimpsest,
>>>> a
>>>>>>>> velum on
>>>>>>>>>>>>> which seven texts were written at right angles to each
>> other.
>>>>>> Because
>>>>>>>>>>>>> parchment was so expensive, the velum was scraped and
>> written
>>>>> over
>>>>>>>> every
>>>>>>>>>>>>> century or so, but because the skin it was made of was
>> soft,
>>>> the
>>>>>>>> pressure
>>>>>>>>>>>>> of the writing preserved the older texts below the new ones
>>>> when
>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>> old
>>>>>>>>>>>>> text was scraped off. And one of the lower texts is the
>> only
>>>>> known
>>>>>>>> Greek
>>>>>>>>>>>>> copy of Archimedes' "On Floating Bodies".
>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>> Neither the relationship of these texts to meaning nor
>> their
>>>>>>>> relationship
>>>>>>>>>>>>> to each other is a matter of association (and in fact they
>> are
>>>>>>>> related to
>>>>>>>>>>>>> each other by a kind of failed dissociation). But it's
>> quite
>>>>>> similar
>>>>>>>> to the
>>>>>>>>>>>>> way that word meanings are reused and develop anew.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>> (Did I do it? Is this two screens?)
>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>> David Kellogg
>>>>>>>>>>>>> Hankuk University of Foreign Studies
>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>> On 16 December 2014 at 14:24, HENRY SHONERD <
>>>> hshonerd@gmail.com>
>>>>>>>> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> I meant to ask: What does it mean that Ribot, as an
>>>>>> associationist,
>>>>>>>> “sees
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> imagination as a rather distal form of attention”?
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Henry
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> On Dec 15, 2014, at 5:19 PM, David Kellogg <
>>>>> dkellogg60@gmail.com
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> On the one hand, Ribot is really responsible for the
>> division
>>>>>>>> between
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> higher and lower psychological functions. On the other,
>>>> because
>>>>>>>> Ribot is
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> an
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> associationist, he sees imagination as a rather distal
>> form
>>>> of
>>>>>>>> attention.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> And, as Mike says, he does associate it with the
>> transition
>>>>> from
>>>>>>>> forest
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> farm, so in that sense he is responsible for the division
>>>>> between
>>>>>>>> the two
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> great periods of semio-history: the literal and
>>>> commonsensical
>>>>>>>> world of
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> forest where attention has to be harnessed to fairly
>> prosaic
>>>>> uses
>>>>>>>> in life
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> and death struggles for existence, and the much more
>>>>>> "imaginative"
>>>>>>>> (that
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> is, image based) forms of attention we find in the world
>> of
>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> farm,where
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> written accounts (e.g. calendars) are kept, where long
>> winter
>>>>>>>> months are
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> wiled away with fables, and we are much more likely to
>>>>> encounter
>>>>>>>> talking
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> animals (but much more rarely talking plants!). Here
>>>> attention
>>>>>> has
>>>>>>>> to be
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> more voluntary.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Vygotsky rejects all this, of course. I think he has a
>> very
>>>>> clear
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> understanding of the kind of Rousseauvian romanticism
>> that
>>>>>>>> underpins
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Ribot
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> here, but above all he rejects associationism. Vygotsky
>>>> points
>>>>>> out
>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> LOGICAL flaw in Ribot's argument: if these productive
>>>> practices
>>>>>>>> really
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> are
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> the true source of volitional attention and thus of
>>>>> imagination,
>>>>>>>> there
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> isn't any reason to see a qualitative difference between
>>>> human
>>>>>> and
>>>>>>>> animal
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> imagination, because of course animals are perfectly
>> capable
>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> volitional
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> attention (and in some ways are better at it than
>> humans).
>>>>>> Without
>>>>>>>> a
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> theory
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> of the difference language makes, there isn't any basis
>> for
>>>>>> Ribot's
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> distinction between higher and lower psychological
>> functions
>>>> at
>>>>>>>> all.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> David Kellogg
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Hankuk University of Foreign Studies
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> On 16 December 2014 at 01:02, mike cole <mcole@ucsd.edu>
>>>>> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Lots of interesting suggestions of new kinds of
>> imagination,
>>>>>>>> thanks to
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> all
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> for the food for thought.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Ribot, not Robot, Henry. He was apparently very
>> influential
>>>>>>>> around the
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> time
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> emprical psychology got going in the late 19th century.
>> I
>>>> had
>>>>>>>> seen work
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> on
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> memory before, but not imagination.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Robert- Does generative = productive and reflective
>> equal
>>>>>>>> reproductive?
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Overall I am pondering how to link up empirical studies
>> of
>>>>>>>> development
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> imagination to these various categories --- The cost of
>>>> being
>>>>> a
>>>>>>>> relative
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> newcomer to the topic.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> mike
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> On Sun, Dec 14, 2014 at 10:19 PM, HENRY SHONERD <
>>>>>>>> hshonerd@gmail.com>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Forgive me coming late to this! Robot is now on my
>> bucket
>>>>> list.
>>>>>>>> This
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> business of movement recycles our cross-modal musings
>> from
>>>>> some
>>>>>>>> weeks
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> our metaphorizing. (I just got an auto spell correct
>> that
>>>>>>>> segmented the
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> last two words of the previous sentence as “met
>>>> aphorizing”.
>>>>>>>> Puns,
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> according to my Wikipedia is a kind of metaphor. :)
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Henry
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> On Dec 14, 2014, at 10:57 AM, mike cole <
>> mcole@ucsd.edu>
>>>>>> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Andy- It was the Russians who pointed me toward Kant
>> and
>>>>> they
>>>>>>>> are
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> doing
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> contemporary work in which they claim Vygotsky and his
>>>>>>>> followers as an
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> inspiration. Some think that LSV was influenced by
>> Hegel,
>>>> so
>>>>>>>> its of
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> course
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> interesting to see those additional categories emerge.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 19th Century psychological vocabulary, especially in
>>>>>>>> translation,
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> seems
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> awfully slippery territory to me. The word,
>> "recollection"
>>>>> in
>>>>>>>> this
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> passage,
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> for example, is not a currently used term in counter
>>>>>>>> distinction to
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> "memory."
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Normal problems. There are serious problems in
>>>> contemporary
>>>>>>>> discourse
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> across languages as our explorations with out Russian
>>>>>>>> colleagues have
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> illustrated.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> That said, I feel as if I am learning something from
>>>>> theorists
>>>>>>>> who
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> clearly
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> influenced Vygotsky and early psychology -- when it
>> was
>>>>> still
>>>>>>>> possible
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> include culture in it.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Ribot has a book called "Creative Imagination" which,
>>>>>>>> interestingly
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> links
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> imagination to both movement and the meaning of a
>>>>> "voluntary"
>>>>>>>> act.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Parts
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> it are offputting, primitives thinking like children
>> stuff
>>>>>> that
>>>>>>>> was
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> also
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> "in the air" for example. But at present the concepts
>> of
>>>>>>>> creativity
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> imagination are thoroughly entangled, so its curious
>> to
>>>> see
>>>>>>>> that the
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> two
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> concepts are linked.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Just cause its old doesn't mean its useless, he found
>>>>> himself
>>>>>>>> writing.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> mike
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Its difficult, of course, to know the extent to which
>>>> pretty
>>>>>> old
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> approaches
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> to a pesum
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> On Sat, Dec 13, 2014 at 4:39 PM, Andy Blunden <
>>>>>>>> ablunden@mira.net>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> I know we want to keep this relatively contemporary,
>> but
>>>> it
>>>>>>>> may be
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> worth
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> noting that Hegel's Psychology also gave a prominent
>>>> place
>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Imagination
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> in the section on Representation, mediating between
>>>>>>>> Recollection and
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Memory. He structured Imagination as (1) Reproductive
>>>>>>>> Imagination,
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> (2)
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Associative Imagination (3) Productive Imagination,
>> which
>>>>> he
>>>>>>>> says
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> leads
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> the Sign, which he describes as Productive Memory. In
>>>> other
>>>>>>>> words,
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> transition from immediate sensation to Intellect is
>>>>>>>> accomplished
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> through
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> these three grades of Imagination.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Andy
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>
>> ------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> *Andy Blunden*
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> http://home.pacific.net.au/~andy/
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> mike cole wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Here are some questions I have after reading
>> Strawson
>>>> and
>>>>>>>> Williams.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Kant et al (including Russian developmentalists
>> whose
>>>>> work i
>>>>>>>> am
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> trying
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> mine for empirical
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> strategies and already-accumulated results) speak of
>>>>>>>> productive
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> imagination. The Russians write that productive
>>>>> imagination
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> develops.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> At first I thought that the use of productive
>> implies
>>>> that
>>>>>>>> there
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> must
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> be a
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> kind of ?imagination called UNproductive
>> imagination.
>>>> But
>>>>> I
>>>>>>>> learned
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> that
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> instead the idea of RE-productive imagination
>> appears
>>>> and
>>>>> is
>>>>>>>> linked
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> memory.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> So, it seems that imagination is an ineluctable
>> part of
>>>>>>>> anticipation
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> memory.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Imagine that!
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> mike
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> On Sat, Dec 13, 2014 at 12:16 PM, HENRY SHONERD <
>>>>>>>> hshonerd@gmail.com
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Strawson provides a long view historically on
>>>> imagination
>>>>>>>> (starting
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Hume and Kant), Williams a more contemporaneous
>> look,
>>>> and
>>>>>>>> provides
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> a
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> space
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> for imagination not afforded by the socio-cultural
>> as
>>>>>> fixed.
>>>>>>>> This,
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> coupled
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> with Pelaprat and Cole on Gap/Imagination, gives
>> me a
>>>>>> ground
>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> take
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> part
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> in the thread on imagination. Of course, I start
>> with
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> preconceptions:
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Vera
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> on creative collaboration and the cognitive
>> grammarian
>>>>>>>> Langacker on
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> symbolic assemblies in discourse and cognitive
>> domains,
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> particularly
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> temporal. Everyday discourse, it seems to me, is
>> full
>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> imagination
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> creativity. I am terribly interested in two
>> aspects of
>>>>>>>> temporality:
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> sequence and rhythm (including tempo and rhythmic
>>>>>>>> structure), which
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> I
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> think
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> must both figure in imagination and creativity, for
>>>> both
>>>>>>>> individual
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> distributed construals of cognition and feeling.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Henry
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> On Dec 13, 2014, at 12:01 PM, Larry Purss <
>>>>>>>> lpscholar2@gmail.com>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Henry, Mike, and others interested in this topic.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> I too see the affinities with notions of the third
>>>>> *space*
>>>>>>>> and the
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> analogy
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> to *gap-filling*
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> I am on holiday so limited access to internet.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> However, I wanted to mention Raymond Williams and
>> his
>>>>>>>> notion of
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> "structures
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> of feeling" that David K references. This notion
>> is
>>>>>>>> explored under
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> notion of historical *styles* that exist as a
>> *set* of
>>>>>>>> modalities
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> that
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> hang
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> together. This notion suggests there is a form of
>>>>> knowing
>>>>>>>> that is
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> forming
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> but has not yet formed [but can be "felt"
>>>> [perceived??]
>>>>> if
>>>>>>>> we
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> think
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> imaginatively. Raymond explores the imaginal as
>>>> *style*
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Larry
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> On Fri, Dec 12, 2014 at 4:38 PM, HENRY SHONERD <
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> hshonerd@gmail.com
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Mike and Larry,
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> I promise to read your profer, but just want to
>> say
>>>> how
>>>>>>>> jazzed up
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> I
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> am
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> now
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> about this thread. My mind has been going wild,
>> the
>>>> mind
>>>>>> as
>>>>>>>> Larry
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> construes
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> it. I ended up just now with a triad, actually
>> various
>>>>>>>> triads,
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> finally
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> found my old friend Serpinski. Part now of my
>>>> notebooks
>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> mind, as
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Vera would construe it. I’ll be back! Gap
>> adentro,
>>>>> luega
>>>>>>>> pa’
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> fuera.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Fractally yours,
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Henry
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> On Dec 12, 2014, at 5:09 PM, mike cole <
>>>>> mcole@ucsd.edu>
>>>>>>>> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> For those interested in the imagination thread,
>>>>> attached
>>>>>>>> are two
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> articles
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> by philosophers who have worried about the issue.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> My current interest stems from the work of CHAT
>>>>>> theorists
>>>>>>>> like
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Zaporozhets
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> and his students who studied the development of
>>>>>>>> imagination in a
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> manner
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> that, it turns out, goes back to Kant's notion
>> of
>>>>>>>> productive
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> imagination. I
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> am not advocating going back to Kant, and have
>> no
>>>>>>>> intention of
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> doing
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> so.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> But these ideas seem worth pursuing as explicated
>> in
>>>> the
>>>>>>>> attached
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> texts.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Through reading the Russians and then these
>>>>> philosophers,
>>>>>> I
>>>>>>>> came
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> upon
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> idea that perception and imagination are very
>> closely
>>>>>>>> linked at
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> several
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> levels of analysis. This is what, in our
>> naivete,
>>>>>>>> Ettienne and I
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> argued
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> our paper on imagination sent around earlier as
>> a
>>>>> means
>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> access
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> work of the blind-deaf psychologist, Alexander
>>>> Suvorov.
>>>>>>>> Moreover,
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> such
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> views emphasize the future orientation of the
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> perception/imagination
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> process. I believe that these views have direct
>>>>>> relevance
>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Kris's
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> paper
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> to be found on the KrisRRQ thread, and also speak
>> to
>>>>>>>> concerns
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> about
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> role of different forms of symbolic play in
>>>>> development.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> So here are the papers on the imagination
>> thread.
>>>>>> Perhaps
>>>>>>>> they
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> will
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> prove
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> useful for those interested.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> mike
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> --
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> It is the dilemma of psychology to deal with a
>>>> natural
>>>>>>>> science
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> with an
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> object that creates history. Ernst Boesch.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> <Imagination and Perception by P.F.
>> Strawson.pdf>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> --
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> It is the dilemma of psychology to deal with a natural
>>>>> science
>>>>>>>> with an
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> object that creates history. Ernst Boesch.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> --
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> It is the dilemma of psychology to deal with a natural
>>>> science
>>>>>>>> with an
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> object that creates history. Ernst Boesch.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> --
>>>>> Gregory A. Thompson, Ph.D.
>>>>> Assistant Professor
>>>>> Department of Anthropology
>>>>> 880 Spencer W. Kimball Tower
>>>>> Brigham Young University
>>>>> Provo, UT 84602
>>>>> http://byu.academia.edu/GregoryThompson
>>>>>
>>>>
>>>
>>>
>>> --
>>>
>>> *Robert Lake Ed.D.*Associate Professor
>>> Social Foundations of Education
>>> Dept. of Curriculum, Foundations, and Reading
>>> Georgia Southern University
>>> Secretary/Treasurer-AERA- Paulo Freire Special Interest Group
>>> P. O. Box 8144
>>> Phone: (912) 478-0355
>>> Fax: (912) 478-5382
>>> Statesboro, GA 30460
>>
>>
>
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