[Xmca-l] Time

[Andy Blunden]

That is an extremely interesting paragraph or two on the contrast 
between typical modern expressions of Time and how the Hopi language 
expresses corresponding situations. It seems that taking Nature 
(including Time) to be something which exists independently of us humans 
and can be known as such, in other words, the founding principle of 
Natural Science, is built into a premodern language, and is not shared 
by (at least one) indigenous people.

Andy
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*Andy Blunden*
http://home.pacific.net.au/~andy/


Greg Thompson wrote:
> Helena and David,
> I wonder if this quote below from Benjamin Whorf (one of the so-called
> authors of the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis - a kindred tradition to
> Vygotsky's) might be useful. In it Whorf is comparing the Hopi notion of
> "time" to the SAE (Standard Average European - including English) notion of
> "time" and how each of these languages offers different affordances of
> meaning. Whereas Hopi has a much more processual understanding, English has
> a much more reified/objectified/entified sense of time. (btw, I think the
> first paragraph is easier to follow than the second - and in that first
> paragraph you'll find our old friend "imagination").
> David, does this jibe with what you were pointing to?
> -greg
>
> Taken from:
> http://web.stanford.edu/dept/SUL/library/extra4/sloan/mousesite/Secondary/Whorfframe2.html
>
> " "Such terms as summer, winter, September, morning, noon, sunset" are with
> us nouns, and have little formal linguistic difference from other nouns.
> They can be subjects or objects, and we say "at sunset" or "in winter" just
> as we say "at a corner" or "in an orchard." They are pluralized and
> numerated like nouns of physical objects, as we have seen. Our thought
> about the referents of such words hence becomes objectified. Without
> objectification, it would be a subjective experience of real time, i.e. of
> the consciousness of "becoming later and later"--simply a cyclic phase
> similar to an earlier phase in that ever-later-becoming duration. Only by
> imagination can such a cyclic phase be set beside another and another in
> the manner of a spatial (i.e. visually perceived) configuration. "But such
> is the power of linguistic analogy that we do so objectify cyclic phasing.
> We do it even by saying "a phase" and "phases" instead of e.g., "phasing."
> And the pattern of individual and mass nouns, with the resulting binomial
> formula of formless item plus form, is so general that it is implicit for
> all nouns, and hence our very generalized formless items like "substance,
> matter," by which we can fill out the binomial for an enormously wide range
> of nouns. But even these are not quite generalized enough to take in our
> phase nouns. So for the phase nouns we have made a formless item, "time."
> We have made it by using "a time," i.e. an occasion or a phase, in the
> pattern of a mass noun, just as from "a summer" we make "summer" in the
> pattern of a mass noun. Thus with our binomial formula we can say and think
> "a moment of time, a second of time, a year of time." Let me again point
> out that the pattern is simply that of "a bottle of milk" or "a piece of
> cheese." Thus we are assisted to imagine that "a summer" actually contains
> or consists of such-and-such a quantity of "time."
>
> In Hopi however all phase terms, like "summer, morning," etc., are not
> nouns but a kind of adverb, to use the nearest SAE analogy. They are a
> formal part of speech by themselves, distinct from nouns, verbs, and even
> other Hopi "adverbs." Such a word is not a case form or a locative pattern,
> like "des Abends" or "in the morning." It contains no morpheme like one of
> "in the house" or "at the tree." It means "when it is morning" or "while
> morning-phase is occurring." These "temporal s" are not used as subjects or
> objects, or at all like nouns. One does not say "it's a hot summer" or
> "summer is hot"; summer is not hot, summer is only WHEN conditions are hot,
> WHEN heat occurs. One does not say "THIS summer," but "summer now" or
> "summer recently." There is no objectification, as a region, an extent, a
> quantity, of the subjective duration feeling. Nothing is suggested about
> time except the perpetual "getting later" of it. And so there is no basis
> here for a formless item answering to our "time." "
>
>
>
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>