[Xmca-l] Re: language and music
Andy Blunden
andyb@marxists.org
Sat Dec 1 16:25:56 PST 2018
So I gather confirmation from your message, Greg: "most of
the anthropologists I know, linguistic or otherwise, don't
have much interest in talking about such things as
psychological functioning" and therefore, it seems to me,
little interest in what people do as well as what they
think. In other words, the turn to seeing language as a
system of Peircean signs is an entirely *formal* project.
Yes, the babbling of a brook or the babbling of a band of
monkeys can be formally analysed with the same set of
concepts as the babbling of a group of humans in
conversation. But this is purely formal, superficial and
obscures what is expressed and transacted in the human babble.
I can understand the fascination in such formal disciplines,
I accept that Peircean Semiotics can be a tool of analysis,
and often insights come out from such formal disciplines
relevant to the real world (mathematics being the supreme
example), but ....! One really has to keep in mind that
words are not Peircean signs. To answer the question of how
it is that humans alone have language by saying that
everything has language, even inanimate processes (and this
is how I interpret the equation of language with Peircean
signs), is somewhat more than missing the point.
As an example of how such formal processes lead to grave
errors is the Language Acquisition Device "proved" to exist
by Chomsky's formal analysis of language. And yet to hold
that an actual biological, neuronal formation as a LAD
exists in all human beings in quite inconsistent with the
foundations of biology, i.e., Darwinian evolution. Either
Darwin or Chomsky, but not both. Which tells me that there
is a problem with this formal analysis, even though I gasp
in wonder every time Google manages to correctly parse an
ordinary language question I ask it and deliver very
relevant answers.
Andy
------------------------------------------------------------
Andy Blunden
http://www.ethicalpolitics.org/ablunden/index.htm
On 2/12/2018 2:51 am, Greg Thompson wrote:
> [I hesitate to send a post like this to this group for
> precisely the reasons Helena mentioned previously (the
> proliferation of technical languages in different fields
> and the time-intensive labor of translating terms/meanings
> of entire systems of thinking from one of these fields to
> the next). Add the fact that there are few who have much
> interest in one of the field of linguistic anthropology
> (and esp. how ling anthro has taken up Peicean semiotics -
> a tangle of words in its own right), and this means the
> following post will likely remain an orphan (not at all
> because of anyone's ill intentions but simply because this
> is an impossible situation for anyone to commit to
> learning an entirely new language for talking about
> language!).]
>
> Yes James, as a Peircean, I assume that you would point to
> (!) the indexical and iconic potentials of SPOKEN language
> while noting that this flattens the oft-made distinction
> between gesture and the spoken word? Our dominant ideology
> of language tends to assume that spoken language is
> (only?) symbolic and gesture is only indexical and iconic.
> Peirce's notion of indexical and iconic functions offers
> us a way into seeing how spoken language is also indexical
> and iconic (as opposed to Saussure who dismissed them out
> of hand - e.g., in the Course he dismisses onomatopoeia
> (iconic) and "shifters" (indexical) as irrelevant to his
> project).
>
> Following Peirce's vision, Roman Jakobson was one of the
> first to point to the problem of this dominant ideology of
> language, and Michael Silverstein has made a rather
> substantial career off of this simple point, first
> elaborated in his famous 1976 paper on "shifters" and
> since then in numerous other works. Many others working in
> linguistic anthropology have spent the last 40 years
> expanding on this project by exploring the indexical and
> iconic nature of spoken language in the concepts of
> "indexicality" and "iconization". More recently linguistic
> anthropologists have considered the processes by which
> sign-functions can shift from one function to another -
> e.g., rhematization - from indexical or symbolic to iconic
> (see Susan Gal and Judy Irvine's work), and iconization -
> from symbolic or iconic to indexical (see Webb Keane's and
> Chris Ball's work). And others have looked at more basic
> features of sign-functioning such as the realization of
> qualia (see Lily Chumley and Nicholas Harkness' special
> issue in Anthro theory).
>
> The relevance of all this for the present list serve is
> that the processes being described by these linguistic
> anthropologists are fundamental to understanding human
> psychological functioning and yet most of the
> anthropologists I know, linguistic or otherwise, don't
> have much interest in talking about such things as
> psychological functioning (one exception here is Paul
> Kockelman, e.g., in his book Person, Agent, Subject, Self
> - although beware that his writing is just as dense as
> Peirce's!). Anyway, I suspect that this could be a
> particularly productive intersection for development.
>
> Cheers,
> -greg
>
> On Fri, Nov 30, 2018 at 8:40 AM HENRY SHONERD
> <hshonerd@gmail.com <mailto:hshonerd@gmail.com>> wrote:
>
> Right on, James!
>
>> On Nov 30, 2018, at 12:16 AM, James Ma
>> <jamesma320@gmail.com <mailto:jamesma320@gmail.com>>
>> wrote:
>>
>> Henry, personally I prefer Xmca-I discussion to be
>> exploratory and free style, allowing for the
>> coexistence of subjectness and subjectless. When it
>> comes to scholarly writing, we know we will switch
>> the code.
>>
>> James
>>
>> HENRY SHONERD <hshonerd@gmail.com
>> <mailto:hshonerd@gmail.com>> 于 2018年11月29日周四
>> 18:58写道：
>>
>> James,
>> This conversation has been so satisfying I don’t
>> want to let go of it, so I hope I am not tiring
>> you or others with all the connections I find.
>> But, in the spirit of Alfredo’s post, I’ll just
>> keep on talking and remark on how the duck tail
>> hair cut is a rich gesture, an important concept
>> in this subject line. Gesture is an aspect of
>> communication present in many species. Hence, the
>> importance of gesture as a rudimentary form of
>> language with evolutionary results in human
>> language. Maybe this is a reach, but I see the
>> business of quotes in the subject line now taking
>> place (Anna Stetsenko and Anne-Nelly
>> Perret-Clermont, contributing right now) on the
>> last chapter of Vygotsky’s Speech and Language as
>> an issue of gesture. Language, written language
>> in this case, is limited in its ability to
>> provide nuance. Writing without quotes
>> “gestured”, pointed to to author sources familar
>> in the day that Vygotsky wrote, such that quotes
>> were not necessary. Dan Slobin, psycholinguist at
>> Univ of Calf, wrote that two charges of language
>> where in “tension”: 1) make yourself clear and 2)
>> get it said before losing the thread of thinking
>> and talking. Gesture, I would like to argue, is
>> an aspect of discourse that helps to address this
>> tension. A turn (in discourse) is a gesture, with
>> temporal constraints that belie the idea that a
>> single turn can ever be totally clear in and of
>> itself. Writing, as we are doing now, is always
>> dialogic, even a whole book, is a turn in
>> discourse. And we keep on posting our turns.
>> Henry
>>
>>
>>> On Nov 29, 2018, at 8:56 AM, James Ma
>>> <jamesma320@gmail.com
>>> <mailto:jamesma320@gmail.com>> wrote:
>>>
>>>
>>> Henry, Elvis Presley is spot on for this subject
>>> line!
>>>
>>> The ducktail hairstyle is fabulous. Funnily
>>> enough, it is what my brother
>>> would always like his 9-year-old son to
>>> have because he has much thicker hair than most
>>> boys. Unfortunately last year the boy had
>>> a one-day show off in the classroom and
>>> was ticked off by the school authority (in
>>> China). However, my brother has managed to
>>> restore the ducktail twice a year during the
>>> boy's long school holiday in winter and summer!
>>>
>>> I suppose the outlines of conversation are
>>> predictable due to participants' intersubjective
>>> awareness of the subject. Yet, the nuances of
>>> conversation (just like each individual's
>>> ducktail unique to himself) are unpredictable
>>> because of the waywardness of our mind. What's
>>> more, such nuances create the fluidity of
>>> conversation which makes it difficult (or
>>> even unnecessary) to predict what comes next -
>>> this is perhaps the whole point that
>>> keeps us talking, as Alfredo pointed out earlier.
>>>
>>> James
>>>
>>>
>>> On Wed, 28 Nov 2018 at 22:19, HENRY SHONERD
>>> <hshonerd@gmail.com <mailto:hshonerd@gmail.com>>
>>> wrote:
>>>
>>> Back at you, James. The images of the
>>> mandarin drake reminded me of a hair style
>>> popularin the late 50s when I was in high
>>> school (grades 9-12): ducktail haircuts
>>> images
>>> <https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=ducktail+haircuts+images&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8>.
>>> One of the photos in the link is of Elvis
>>> Presley, an alpha male high school boys
>>> sought to emulate. Note that some of the
>>> photos are of women, interesting in light of
>>> issues of gender fluidity these days. I
>>> don’t remember when women started taking on
>>> the hair style. Since I mentioned Elvis
>>> Presley, this post counts as relevant to the
>>> subject line! Ha!
>>> Henry
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>> On Nov 28, 2018, at 7:39 AM, James Ma
>>>> <jamesma320@gmail.com
>>>> <mailto:jamesma320@gmail.com>> wrote:
>>>>
>>>> Thank you Henry.
>>>> More on mandarin duck, just thought you
>>>> might like to see:
>>>> https://www.livingwithbirds.com/tweetapedia/21-facts-on-mandarin-duck
>>>>
>>>> HENRY SHONERD <hshonerd@gmail.com
>>>> <mailto:hshonerd@gmail.com>> 于
>>>> 2018年11月27日周二 19:30写道：
>>>>
>>>> What a beautiful photo, James, and
>>>> providing it is a move on this subject
>>>> line that instantiates nicely Gee’s
>>>> conception of discourse. Thanks for
>>>> your thoughtful and helpful response.
>>>> Henry
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>> On Nov 27, 2018, at 11:11 AM, James Ma
>>>>> <jamesma320@gmail.com
>>>>> <mailto:jamesma320@gmail.com>> wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>> Henry, thanks for the info on Derek
>>>>> Bickerton. One of the interesting
>>>>> things is his conception of
>>>>> displacement as the hallmark of
>>>>> language, whether iconic, indexical or
>>>>> symbolic. In the case of Chinese
>>>>> language, the sounds are
>>>>> decontextualised or sublimated over
>>>>> time to become something more
>>>>> integrated into the words themselves
>>>>> as ideographs. Some of Bickerton's
>>>>> ideas are suggestive of the study of
>>>>> protolanguage as an /a priori
>>>>> /process, involving scrupulous
>>>>> deduction. This reminds me of methods
>>>>> used in diachronic linguistics, which
>>>>> I felt are relevant to CHAT just as
>>>>> much as those used in synchronic
>>>>> linguistics.
>>>>>
>>>>> Regarding "intermental" and
>>>>> "intramental", I can see your point.
>>>>> In fact I don't take Vygotsky's
>>>>> "interpsychological" and
>>>>> "intrapsychological" categories to
>>>>> be dichotomies or binary opposites.
>>>>> Whenever it comes to their
>>>>> relationship, I tend to have a
>>>>> post-structuralism imagery present in
>>>>> my mind, particularly related to a
>>>>> Derridean stance for the conception of
>>>>> ideas (i.e.any idea is not entirely
>>>>> distinct from other ideas in terms of
>>>>> the "thing itself"; rather, it entails
>>>>> a supplement of the other idea which
>>>>> is already embedded in the self).
>>>>> Vygotsky's two categoriesare
>>>>> relational (dialectical); they are
>>>>> somehow like a pair of mandarin ducks
>>>>> (see attached image). I also like to
>>>>> think that each of these categories is
>>>>> both "discourse-in-context" and
>>>>> "context-for-discourse" (here
>>>>> discourse is in tune with James Gee's
>>>>> conception of discourse as a patchwork
>>>>> of actions, interactions, thoughts,
>>>>> feelings etc). I recall Barbara Rogoff
>>>>> talking about there being no boundary
>>>>> between the external and the internal
>>>>> or the boundary being blurred (during
>>>>> her seminar in the Graduate School of
>>>>> Education at Bristol in 2001 while I
>>>>> was doing my PhD).
>>>>>
>>>>> James
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> On Wed, 21 Nov 2018 at 23:14, HENRY
>>>>> SHONERD <hshonerd@gmail.com
>>>>> <mailto:hshonerd@gmail.com>> wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>> James,
>>>>> I think it was Derek Bickerton
>>>>> (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Bickerton)
>>>>> who argued that “formal syntax”
>>>>> developed from stringing together
>>>>> turns in verbal interaction. The
>>>>> wiki on Bickerton I have linked is
>>>>> short and raises issues discussed
>>>>> in this subject line and in the
>>>>> subject line on Corballis.
>>>>> Bickerton brings me back to the
>>>>> circularity of discourse and the
>>>>> development of discourse
>>>>> competence. Usage-based grammar.
>>>>> Bickerton’s idea that complex
>>>>> grammar developed out of the
>>>>> pidgins of our ancestors is
>>>>> interesting. Do I see a
>>>>> chicken/egg problem that for
>>>>> Vygotsky, “…the intramental forms
>>>>> of semiotic mediation is better
>>>>> understood by examining the types
>>>>> of intermental processes”? I don’t
>>>>> know. Could one say that inner
>>>>> speech is the vehicle for turning
>>>>> discourse into grammar? Bickerton
>>>>> claimed a strong biological
>>>>> component to human language,
>>>>> though I don’t remember if he was
>>>>> a Chomskian. I hope this is
>>>>> coherent thinking in the context
>>>>> of our conversation. All that jazz.
>>>>> Henry
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>>> On Nov 21, 2018, at 3:22 PM,
>>>>>> James Ma <jamesma320@gmail.com
>>>>>> <mailto:jamesma320@gmail.com>> wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Alfredo, I'd agree with Greg -
>>>>>> intersubjectivity is relevant and
>>>>>> pertinent here.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> As I see it, intersubjectivity
>>>>>> transcends "outlines" or perhaps
>>>>>> sublimates the "muddledness" and
>>>>>> "unpredictability" of a
>>>>>> conversation (as in Bateson's
>>>>>> metalogue) into what Rommetveit
>>>>>> termed the "draft of a contract".
>>>>>> This is because shared
>>>>>> understanding makes explicit and
>>>>>> external what would otherwise
>>>>>> remain implicit and internal.
>>>>>> Rommetveit argues that private
>>>>>> worlds can only be transcended up
>>>>>> to a certain level and
>>>>>> interlocutors need to agree
>>>>>> upon the draft of a contract with
>>>>>> which the communication can be
>>>>>> initiated. In the spirit of
>>>>>> Vygotsky, he uses a "pluralistic"
>>>>>> and "social-cognitive" approach
>>>>>> to human communication - and
>>>>>> especially to the problem of
>>>>>> linguistic mediation and
>>>>>> regulation in interpsychological
>>>>>> functioning, with reference to
>>>>>> semantics, syntactics and
>>>>>> pragmatics. For him,
>>>>>> the intramental forms of semiotic
>>>>>> mediation is better understood by
>>>>>> examining the types of
>>>>>> intermental processes.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> I think these intermental
>>>>>> processes (just like intramental
>>>>>> ones) can be boiled down or
>>>>>> distilled to signs and symbols
>>>>>> with which interlocutors are in
>>>>>> harmony during a conversation or
>>>>>> any other joint activities.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> James
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> */________________________________________________/*
>>>>>>
>>>>>> /*James Ma *Independent Scholar
>>>>>> //https://oxford.academia.edu/JamesMa
>>>>>> /
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> On Wed, 21 Nov 2018 at 08:09,
>>>>>> Alfredo Jornet Gil
>>>>>> <a.j.gil@ils.uio.no
>>>>>> <mailto:a.j.gil@ils.uio.no>> wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Henry's remarks about no
>>>>>> directors and symphonic
>>>>>> potential of
>>>>>> conversation reminded me of
>>>>>> G. Bateson's metalogue "why
>>>>>> do things have outlines"
>>>>>> (attached). Implicitly, it
>>>>>> raises the question of units
>>>>>> and elements, of how a song,
>>>>>> a dance, a poem, a
>>>>>> conversation, to make sense,
>>>>>> they must have a recognizable
>>>>>> outline, even in
>>>>>> improvisation; they must be
>>>>>> wholes, or suggest wholes.
>>>>>> That makes them
>>>>>> "predictable". And yet, when
>>>>>> you are immersed in a
>>>>>> conversation, the fact that
>>>>>> you can never exactly predict
>>>>>> what comes next is the whole
>>>>>> point that keep us talking,
>>>>>> dancing, drawing, etc!
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Alfredo
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> ------------------------------------------------------------
>>>>>> *From:*
>>>>>> xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu
>>>>>> <mailto:xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu>
>>>>>> <xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu
>>>>>> <mailto:xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu>>
>>>>>> on behalf of HENRY SHONERD
>>>>>> <hshonerd@gmail.com
>>>>>> <mailto:hshonerd@gmail.com>>
>>>>>> *Sent:* 21 November 2018 06:22
>>>>>> *To:* eXtended Mind, Culture,
>>>>>> Activity
>>>>>> *Subject:* [Xmca-l] Re:
>>>>>> language and music
>>>>>> I’d like to add to the call
>>>>>> and response conversation
>>>>>> that discourse, this
>>>>>> conversation itself, is
>>>>>> staged. There are performers
>>>>>> and and an audience made up
>>>>>> partly of performers
>>>>>> themselves. How many are
>>>>>> lurkers, as I am usually?
>>>>>> This conversation has no
>>>>>> director, but there are
>>>>>> leaders. There is symphonic
>>>>>> potential. And even gestural
>>>>>> potential, making the chat a
>>>>>> dance. All on line.:)
>>>>>> Henry
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>> On Nov 20, 2018, at 9:05 PM,
>>>>>>> mike cole <mcole@ucsd.edu
>>>>>>> <mailto:mcole@ucsd.edu>> wrote:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> For many years I used the
>>>>>>> work of Ellen Dissenyake to
>>>>>>> teach comm classes about
>>>>>>> language/music/development.
>>>>>>> She is quite unusual in ways
>>>>>>> that might find interest here.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> https://ellendissanayake.com/
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> mike
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> On Sat, Nov 17, 2018 at 2:16
>>>>>>> PM James Ma
>>>>>>> <jamesma320@gmail.com
>>>>>>> <mailto:jamesma320@gmail.com>>
>>>>>>> wrote:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Hello Simangele,
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> In semiotic terms,
>>>>>>> whatever each of the
>>>>>>> participants has
>>>>>>> constructed internally
>>>>>>> is the signified, i.e.
>>>>>>> his or her understanding
>>>>>>> and interpretation. When
>>>>>>> it is vocalised (spoken
>>>>>>> out), it becomes the
>>>>>>> signifier to the
>>>>>>> listener. What's more,
>>>>>>> when the participants
>>>>>>> work together to compose
>>>>>>> a story impromptu, each
>>>>>>> of their signifiers
>>>>>>> turns into a new
>>>>>>> signified – a shared,
>>>>>>> newly-established
>>>>>>> understanding, woven
>>>>>>> into the fabric of
>>>>>>> meaning making.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> By the way, in Chinese
>>>>>>> language, words for
>>>>>>> singing and dancing have
>>>>>>> long been used
>>>>>>> inseparably. As I see
>>>>>>> it, they are
>>>>>>> semiotically indexed to,
>>>>>>> or adjusted to allow
>>>>>>> for, the feelings,
>>>>>>> emotions, actions and
>>>>>>> interactions of a
>>>>>>> consciousness who is
>>>>>>> experiencing the singing
>>>>>>> and dancing. Here are
>>>>>>> some idioms:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> 酣歌醉舞- singing and
>>>>>>> dancing rapturously
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> 村歌社舞- dancingvillage and
>>>>>>> singing club
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> 燕歌赵舞- citizens of
>>>>>>> ancient Yan and Zhao
>>>>>>> good at singing and
>>>>>>> dancing, hence referring
>>>>>>> to wonderful songs and
>>>>>>> dances
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> 舞榭歌楼- a church or
>>>>>>> building set up for
>>>>>>> singing and dancing
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> James
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> */________________________________________________/*
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> /*James Ma *Independent
>>>>>>> Scholar
>>>>>>> //https://oxford.academia.edu/JamesMa
>>>>>>> /
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> On Sat, 17 Nov 2018 at
>>>>>>> 19:08, Simangele
>>>>>>> Mayisela
>>>>>>> <simangele.mayisela@wits.ac.za
>>>>>>> <mailto:simangele.mayisela@wits.ac.za>>
>>>>>>> wrote:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Colleagues,
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> This conversation is
>>>>>>> getting even more
>>>>>>> interesting, not
>>>>>>> that I have an
>>>>>>> informed answer for
>>>>>>> you Rob, I can only
>>>>>>> think of the
>>>>>>> National Anthems
>>>>>>> where people stand
>>>>>>> still when singing,
>>>>>>> even then this is
>>>>>>> observed only in
>>>>>>> international events.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Other occasions when
>>>>>>> people are likely
>>>>>>> not to move when
>>>>>>> singing when there
>>>>>>> is death and the
>>>>>>> mood is sombre.
>>>>>>> Otherwise singing
>>>>>>> and rhythmic body
>>>>>>> movement, called
>>>>>>> dance are a norm.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> This then makes me
>>>>>>> wonder what this
>>>>>>> means in terms of
>>>>>>> cognitive
>>>>>>> functioning, in the
>>>>>>> light of Vygotsky’s
>>>>>>> developmental stages
>>>>>>> – of language and
>>>>>>> thought. Would the
>>>>>>> body movement
>>>>>>> constitute the
>>>>>>> externalisation of
>>>>>>> the thoughts
>>>>>>> contained in the music?
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Helena – the video
>>>>>>> you are relating
>>>>>>> about reminds of the
>>>>>>> language teaching or
>>>>>>> group therapy
>>>>>>> technique- where a
>>>>>>> group of learners
>>>>>>> (or participants in
>>>>>>> OD settings) are
>>>>>>> instructed to tell a
>>>>>>> single coherent and
>>>>>>> logical story as a
>>>>>>> group. They all take
>>>>>>> turns to say a
>>>>>>> sentence, a sentence
>>>>>>> of not more than 6
>>>>>>> words (depending on
>>>>>>> the instructor ),
>>>>>>> each time linking
>>>>>>> your sentence to the
>>>>>>> sentence of previous
>>>>>>> articulator, with
>>>>>>> the next person also
>>>>>>> doing the same,
>>>>>>> until the story
>>>>>>> sounds complete with
>>>>>>> conclusion. More
>>>>>>> important is that
>>>>>>> they compose this
>>>>>>> story impromptu, It
>>>>>>> with such stories
>>>>>>> that group dynamics
>>>>>>> are analysed, and in
>>>>>>> group therapy cases,
>>>>>>> collective
>>>>>>> experiences of
>>>>>>> trauma are shared.
>>>>>>> I suppose this is an
>>>>>>> example of
>>>>>>> cooperative
>>>>>>> activity, although
>>>>>>> previously I would
>>>>>>> have thought of it
>>>>>>> as just an “activity”
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Simangele
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> *From:*xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu
>>>>>>> <mailto:xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu>
>>>>>>> [mailto:xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu
>>>>>>> <mailto:xmca-l-bounces@mailman.ucsd.edu>]
>>>>>>> *On Behalf Of
>>>>>>> *robsub@ariadne.org.uk
>>>>>>> <mailto:robsub@ariadne.org.uk>
>>>>>>> *Sent:* Friday, 16
>>>>>>> November 2018 21:01
>>>>>>> *To:* eXtended Mind,
>>>>>>> Culture, Activity
>>>>>>> <xmca-l@mailman.ucsd.edu
>>>>>>> <mailto:xmca-l@mailman.ucsd.edu>>;
>>>>>>> Helena Worthen
>>>>>>> <helenaworthen@gmail.com
>>>>>>> <mailto:helenaworthen@gmail.com>>
>>>>>>> *Subject:* [Xmca-l]
>>>>>>> Re: Michael C. Corballis
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> I remember being
>>>>>>> told once that many
>>>>>>> languages do not
>>>>>>> have separate words
>>>>>>> for singing and
>>>>>>> dancing, because if
>>>>>>> you sing you want to
>>>>>>> move - until western
>>>>>>> civilisation beats
>>>>>>> it out of you.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Does anybody know if
>>>>>>> this is actually
>>>>>>> true, or is it
>>>>>>> complete cod?
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> If it is true, does
>>>>>>> it have something to
>>>>>>> say about the
>>>>>>> relationship between
>>>>>>> the physical body
>>>>>>> and the development
>>>>>>> of speech?
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Rob
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> On 16/11/2018 17:29,
>>>>>>> Helena Worthen wrote:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> I am very
>>>>>>> interested in
>>>>>>> where this
>>>>>>> conversation is
>>>>>>> going. I
>>>>>>> remember being
>>>>>>> in a Theories of
>>>>>>> Literacy class
>>>>>>> in which Glynda
>>>>>>> Hull, the
>>>>>>> instructor,
>>>>>>> showed a video
>>>>>>> of a singing
>>>>>>> circle somewhere
>>>>>>> in the Amazon,
>>>>>>> where an
>>>>>>> incredibly
>>>>>>> complicated
>>>>>>> pattern of
>>>>>>> musical phrases
>>>>>>> wove in and out
>>>>>>> among the
>>>>>>> singers
>>>>>>> underlaid by
>>>>>>> drumming that
>>>>>>> included
>>>>>>> turn-taking,
>>>>>>> call and
>>>>>>> response, you
>>>>>>> name it. Maybe
>>>>>>> 20 people were
>>>>>>> involved, all
>>>>>>> pushing full
>>>>>>> steam ahead to
>>>>>>> create something
>>>>>>> together that
>>>>>>> they all seemed
>>>>>>> to know about
>>>>>>> but wouldn’t
>>>>>>> happen until
>>>>>>> they did it.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Certainly
>>>>>>> someone has
>>>>>>> studied the
>>>>>>> relationship of
>>>>>>> musical
>>>>>>> communication
>>>>>>> (improvised or
>>>>>>> otherwise),
>>>>>>> speech and
>>>>>>> gesture? I have
>>>>>>> asked musicians
>>>>>>> about this and
>>>>>>> get blank looks.
>>>>>>> Yet clearly you
>>>>>>> can tell when
>>>>>>> you listen to
>>>>>>> different kinds
>>>>>>> of music, not
>>>>>>> just Amazon drum
>>>>>>> and chant
>>>>>>> circles, that
>>>>>>> there is some
>>>>>>> kind of speech -
>>>>>>> like potential
>>>>>>> embedded there.
>>>>>>> The Sonata form
>>>>>>> is clearly
>>>>>>> involves
>>>>>>> exposition (they
>>>>>>> even use that
>>>>>>> word).
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> For example: the
>>>>>>> soundtrack to
>>>>>>> the Coen
>>>>>>> Brothers’ film
>>>>>>> Fargo opens with
>>>>>>> a musical theme
>>>>>>> that says, as
>>>>>>> clearly as if we
>>>>>>> were reading
>>>>>>> aloud from some
>>>>>>> children’s book,
>>>>>>> “I am now going
>>>>>>> to tell you a
>>>>>>> very strange
>>>>>>> story that
>>>>>>> sounds
>>>>>>> impossible but I
>>>>>>> promise you
>>>>>>> every word of it
>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>> true…da-de-da-de-da.’
>>>>>>> Only it doesn’t
>>>>>>> take that many
>>>>>>> words.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> (18) Fargo
>>>>>>> (1996) - 'Fargo,
>>>>>>> North Dakota'
>>>>>>> (Opening) scene
>>>>>>> [1080] - YouTube
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Helena Worthen
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> helenaworthen@gmail.com
>>>>>>> <mailto:helenaworthen@gmail.com>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Berkeley, CA
>>>>>>> 94707 510-828-2745
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Blog US/ Viet Nam:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> helenaworthen.wordpress.com
>>>>>>> <http://helenaworthen.wordpress.com/>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> skype:
>>>>>>> helena.worthen1
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> On Nov 16,
>>>>>>> 2018, at
>>>>>>> 8:56 AM,
>>>>>>> HENRY
>>>>>>> SHONERD
>>>>>>> <hshonerd@gmail.com
>>>>>>> <mailto:hshonerd@gmail.com>>
>>>>>>> wrote:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Andy and Peter,
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> I like the
>>>>>>> turn taking
>>>>>>> principle a
>>>>>>> lot. It
>>>>>>> links
>>>>>>> language and
>>>>>>> music very
>>>>>>> nicely: call
>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>> response. By
>>>>>>> voice and
>>>>>>> ear. While
>>>>>>> gesture is
>>>>>>> linked to
>>>>>>> visual art.
>>>>>>> In
>>>>>>> face-to-face
>>>>>>> conversation
>>>>>>> there is
>>>>>>> this
>>>>>>> rhythmically
>>>>>>> entrained
>>>>>>> interaction.
>>>>>>> It’s not
>>>>>>> just
>>>>>>> cooperative,
>>>>>>> it’s
>>>>>>> verbal/gestural
>>>>>>> art. Any
>>>>>>> human work
>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>> potentially
>>>>>>> a work of
>>>>>>> art. Vera
>>>>>>> John-Steiner
>>>>>>> and Holbrook
>>>>>>> Mahn have
>>>>>>> talked about
>>>>>>> how
>>>>>>> conversation
>>>>>>> can be a
>>>>>>> co-construction
>>>>>>> “at the
>>>>>>> speed of
>>>>>>> thought”.
>>>>>>> Heady stuff
>>>>>>> taking part,
>>>>>>> or just
>>>>>>> listening
>>>>>>> to, this
>>>>>>> call and
>>>>>>> response
>>>>>>> between
>>>>>>> smart
>>>>>>> people. And
>>>>>>> disheartening
>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>> destructive
>>>>>>> when we give
>>>>>>> up on dialog.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> As I write
>>>>>>> this, I
>>>>>>> realize that
>>>>>>> the prosodic
>>>>>>> aspects of
>>>>>>> spoken
>>>>>>> language
>>>>>>> (intonation)
>>>>>>> are gestural
>>>>>>> as well.
>>>>>>> It’s
>>>>>>> simplistic
>>>>>>> to restrict
>>>>>>> gesture to
>>>>>>> visual
>>>>>>> signals. But
>>>>>>> I would say
>>>>>>> gesture is
>>>>>>> prototypically
>>>>>>> visual, an
>>>>>>> accompaniment
>>>>>>> to the
>>>>>>> voice. In
>>>>>>> surfing the
>>>>>>> web, one can
>>>>>>> find some
>>>>>>> interesting
>>>>>>> things on
>>>>>>> paralanguage
>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>> complicate
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> distinction
>>>>>>> between
>>>>>>> language and
>>>>>>> gesture. I
>>>>>>> think it
>>>>>>> speaks to
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> embodiment
>>>>>>> of language
>>>>>>> in the senses.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Henry
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> On Nov
>>>>>>> 16,
>>>>>>> 2018, at
>>>>>>> 7:00 AM,
>>>>>>> Peter
>>>>>>> Feigenbaum
>>>>>>> [Staff]
>>>>>>> <pfeigenbaum@fordham.edu
>>>>>>> <mailto:pfeigenbaum@fordham.edu>>
>>>>>>> wrote:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Andy,
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> I
>>>>>>> couldn't
>>>>>>> agree
>>>>>>> more.
>>>>>>> And
>>>>>>> thanks
>>>>>>> for
>>>>>>> introducing
>>>>>>> me to
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> notion
>>>>>>> of delayed
>>>>>>> gratification
>>>>>>> as a
>>>>>>> precondition
>>>>>>> for
>>>>>>> sharing
>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>> turn-taking.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> That's a
>>>>>>> feature
>>>>>>> I hadn't
>>>>>>> considered
>>>>>>> before
>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>> connection
>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>> speech
>>>>>>> communication.
>>>>>>> It makes
>>>>>>> sense
>>>>>>> that
>>>>>>> each
>>>>>>> participant
>>>>>>> would need
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>> exercise
>>>>>>> patience
>>>>>>> in order
>>>>>>> to wait
>>>>>>> out
>>>>>>> someone
>>>>>>> else's
>>>>>>> turn.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Much
>>>>>>> obliged.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Peter
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> On Fri,
>>>>>>> Nov 16,
>>>>>>> 2018 at
>>>>>>> 8:50 AM
>>>>>>> Andy
>>>>>>> Blunden
>>>>>>> <andyb@marxists.org
>>>>>>> <mailto:andyb@marxists.org>>
>>>>>>> wrote:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Interesting,
>>>>>>> Peter.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Corballis,
>>>>>>> oddly
>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>> my
>>>>>>> view,
>>>>>>> places
>>>>>>> a
>>>>>>> lot
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> weight
>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>> so-called
>>>>>>> mirror
>>>>>>> neurons
>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>> explain
>>>>>>> perception
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> intentionality
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> others.
>>>>>>> It
>>>>>>> seems
>>>>>>> blindingly
>>>>>>> obvious
>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>> me
>>>>>>> that
>>>>>>> cooperative
>>>>>>> activity,
>>>>>>> specifically
>>>>>>> participating
>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>> projects
>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>> individuals
>>>>>>> share
>>>>>>> a
>>>>>>> common
>>>>>>> not-present
>>>>>>> object,
>>>>>>> is a
>>>>>>> form
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> behaviour
>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>> begets
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> necessary
>>>>>>> perceptive
>>>>>>> abilities.
>>>>>>> I
>>>>>>> have
>>>>>>> also
>>>>>>> long
>>>>>>> been
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> view
>>>>>>> that
>>>>>>> delayed
>>>>>>> gratification,
>>>>>>> as a
>>>>>>> precondition
>>>>>>> for
>>>>>>> sharing
>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>> turn-taking,
>>>>>>> as a
>>>>>>> matter
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> fact,
>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>> an
>>>>>>> important
>>>>>>> aspect
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> sociality
>>>>>>> fostering
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> development
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> speech,
>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> upright
>>>>>>> gait
>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>> frees
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> hands
>>>>>>> for
>>>>>>> carrying
>>>>>>> food
>>>>>>> back
>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>> camp
>>>>>>> where
>>>>>>> it
>>>>>>> can
>>>>>>> be
>>>>>>> shared
>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>> important.
>>>>>>> None
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>> presupposes
>>>>>>> tools,
>>>>>>> only
>>>>>>> cooperation.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Andy
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> ------------------------------------------------------------
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Andy
>>>>>>> Blunden
>>>>>>> http://www.ethicalpolitics.org/ablunden/index.htm
>>>>>>> <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.ethicalpolitics.org_ablunden_index.htm&d=DwMFaQ&c=aqMfXOEvEJQh2iQMCb7Wy8l0sPnURkcqADc2guUW8IM&r=mXj3yhpYNklTxyN3KioIJ0ECmPHilpf4N2p9PBMATWs&m=itd0qPWlE7uAuyEX0ii8ohEoZegfdMAOOLf-YoaEqqs&s=-uwTjZDhHtJM2EFdBS-rXLTptADQdSGAcibaav-mhJw&e=>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> On
>>>>>>> 17/11/2018
>>>>>>> 12:36
>>>>>>> am,
>>>>>>> Peter
>>>>>>> Feigenbaum
>>>>>>> [Staff]
>>>>>>> wrote:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> If
>>>>>>> I
>>>>>>> might
>>>>>>> chime
>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>> this
>>>>>>> discussion:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> I
>>>>>>> submit
>>>>>>> that
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> key
>>>>>>> cooperative
>>>>>>> activity
>>>>>>> underlying
>>>>>>> speech
>>>>>>> communication
>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>> *turn-taking*.
>>>>>>> I
>>>>>>> don't
>>>>>>> know
>>>>>>> how
>>>>>>> that
>>>>>>> activity
>>>>>>> or
>>>>>>> rule
>>>>>>> came
>>>>>>> into
>>>>>>> being,
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> but
>>>>>>> once
>>>>>>> it
>>>>>>> did,
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> activity
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> *exchanging*
>>>>>>> utterances
>>>>>>> became
>>>>>>> possible.
>>>>>>> And
>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>> exchange
>>>>>>> came
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> complementarity
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> speaking
>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> listening
>>>>>>> roles,
>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> activity
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> alternating
>>>>>>> conversational
>>>>>>> roles
>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>> mental
>>>>>>> perspectives. Turn-taking
>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>> a
>>>>>>> key
>>>>>>> process
>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>> human
>>>>>>> development.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Peter
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> On
>>>>>>> Thu,
>>>>>>> Nov
>>>>>>> 15,
>>>>>>> 2018
>>>>>>> at
>>>>>>> 9:21
>>>>>>> PM
>>>>>>> Andy
>>>>>>> Blunden
>>>>>>> <andyb@marxists.org
>>>>>>> <mailto:andyb@marxists.org>>
>>>>>>> wrote:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Oddly,
>>>>>>> Amazon
>>>>>>> delivered
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> book
>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>> me
>>>>>>> yesterday
>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>> I
>>>>>>> am
>>>>>>> currently
>>>>>>> on
>>>>>>> p.5.
>>>>>>> Fortunately,
>>>>>>> Corballis
>>>>>>> provides
>>>>>>> a
>>>>>>> synopsis
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> his
>>>>>>> book
>>>>>>> at
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> end,
>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>> I
>>>>>>> sneak-previewed
>>>>>>> last
>>>>>>> night.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>> interesting
>>>>>>> thing
>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>> me
>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>> his
>>>>>>> claim,
>>>>>>> similar
>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>> that
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> Merlin
>>>>>>> Donald,
>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>> goes
>>>>>>> like
>>>>>>> this.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> It
>>>>>>> would
>>>>>>> be
>>>>>>> absurd
>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>> suggest
>>>>>>> that
>>>>>>> proto-humans
>>>>>>> discovered
>>>>>>> that
>>>>>>> they
>>>>>>> had
>>>>>>> this
>>>>>>> unique
>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>> wonderful
>>>>>>> vocal
>>>>>>> apparatus
>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>> decided
>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>> use
>>>>>>> it
>>>>>>> for
>>>>>>> speech.
>>>>>>> Clearly_there
>>>>>>> was
>>>>>>> rudimentary
>>>>>>> language
>>>>>>> before
>>>>>>> speech
>>>>>>> was
>>>>>>> humanly
>>>>>>> possible_.
>>>>>>> In
>>>>>>> development,
>>>>>>> a
>>>>>>> behaviour
>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>> always
>>>>>>> present
>>>>>>> before
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> physiological
>>>>>>> adaptations
>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>> facilitate
>>>>>>> it
>>>>>>> come
>>>>>>> into
>>>>>>> being.
>>>>>>> I.e,
>>>>>>> proto-humans
>>>>>>> found
>>>>>>> themselves
>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>> circumstances
>>>>>>> where
>>>>>>> it
>>>>>>> made
>>>>>>> sense
>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>> develop
>>>>>>> interpersonal,
>>>>>>> voluntary
>>>>>>> communication,
>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>> begin
>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>> they
>>>>>>> used
>>>>>>> what
>>>>>>> they
>>>>>>> had
>>>>>>> -
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> ability
>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>> mime
>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>> gesture,
>>>>>>> make
>>>>>>> facial
>>>>>>> expressions
>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>> vocalisations
>>>>>>> (all
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>> BTW
>>>>>>> can
>>>>>>> reference
>>>>>>> non-present
>>>>>>> entities
>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>> situations)
>>>>>>> This
>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>> an
>>>>>>> activity
>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>> further
>>>>>>> produces
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> conditions
>>>>>>> for
>>>>>>> its
>>>>>>> own
>>>>>>> development.
>>>>>>> Eventually,
>>>>>>> over
>>>>>>> millions
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> years,
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> vocal
>>>>>>> apparatus
>>>>>>> evolved
>>>>>>> under
>>>>>>> strong
>>>>>>> selection
>>>>>>> pressure
>>>>>>> due
>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> practice
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> non-speech
>>>>>>> communication
>>>>>>> as
>>>>>>> an
>>>>>>> integral
>>>>>>> part
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> their
>>>>>>> evolutionary
>>>>>>> niche.
>>>>>>> In
>>>>>>> other
>>>>>>> words,
>>>>>>> rudimentary
>>>>>>> wordless
>>>>>>> speech
>>>>>>> gradually
>>>>>>> became
>>>>>>> modern
>>>>>>> speech,
>>>>>>> along
>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>> all
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> accompanying
>>>>>>> facial
>>>>>>> expressions
>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>> hand
>>>>>>> movements.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> It
>>>>>>> just
>>>>>>> seems
>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>> me
>>>>>>> that,
>>>>>>> as
>>>>>>> you
>>>>>>> suggest,
>>>>>>> collective
>>>>>>> activity
>>>>>>> must
>>>>>>> have
>>>>>>> been
>>>>>>> a
>>>>>>> part
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> those
>>>>>>> conditions
>>>>>>> fostering
>>>>>>> communication
>>>>>>> (something
>>>>>>> found
>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>> our
>>>>>>> nearest
>>>>>>> evolutionary
>>>>>>> cousins
>>>>>>> who
>>>>>>> also
>>>>>>> have
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> elements
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> rudimentary
>>>>>>> speech)
>>>>>>> -
>>>>>>> as
>>>>>>> was
>>>>>>> increasing
>>>>>>> tool-using,
>>>>>>> tool-making,
>>>>>>> tool-giving
>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>> tool-instructing.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Andy
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> ------------------------------------------------------------
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Andy
>>>>>>> Blunden
>>>>>>> http://www.ethicalpolitics.org/ablunden/index.htm
>>>>>>> <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.ethicalpolitics.org_ablunden_index.htm&d=DwMFaQ&c=aqMfXOEvEJQh2iQMCb7Wy8l0sPnURkcqADc2guUW8IM&r=mXj3yhpYNklTxyN3KioIJ0ECmPHilpf4N2p9PBMATWs&m=VlOXr8x02-mghKHGod2LwGx8_X-LHNRmDI_elI-7rKI&s=A3k5oeQ13zGCPUbWibdOb2KNZT4q__fLyCwugyULUDw&e=>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> On
>>>>>>> 16/11/2018
>>>>>>> 12:58
>>>>>>> pm,
>>>>>>> Arturo
>>>>>>> Escandon
>>>>>>> wrote:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Dear
>>>>>>> Andy,
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Michael
>>>>>>> Tomasello
>>>>>>> has
>>>>>>> made
>>>>>>> similar
>>>>>>> claims,
>>>>>>> grounding
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> surge
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> articulated
>>>>>>> language
>>>>>>> on
>>>>>>> innate
>>>>>>> co-operativism
>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>> collective
>>>>>>> activity.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-handbook-of-child-language/90B84B8F3BB2D32E9FA9E2DFAF4D2BEB
>>>>>>> <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.cambridge.org_core_books_cambridge-2Dhandbook-2Dof-2Dchild-2Dlanguage_90B84B8F3BB2D32E9FA9E2DFAF4D2BEB&d=DwMFaQ&c=aqMfXOEvEJQh2iQMCb7Wy8l0sPnURkcqADc2guUW8IM&r=mXj3yhpYNklTxyN3KioIJ0ECmPHilpf4N2p9PBMATWs&m=VlOXr8x02-mghKHGod2LwGx8_X-LHNRmDI_elI-7rKI&s=vxJZooXRDYwTRrM4dzWBbLfUhF9HhmUvU3ouq6sbwPI&e=>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Best
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Arturo
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> --
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Sent
>>>>>>> from
>>>>>>> Gmail
>>>>>>> Mobile
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> --
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Peter
>>>>>>> Feigenbaum,
>>>>>>> Ph.D.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Director,
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Office
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> Institutional
>>>>>>> Research
>>>>>>> <https://www.fordham.edu/info/24303/institutional_research>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Fordham
>>>>>>> University
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Thebaud
>>>>>>> Hall-202
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Bronx,
>>>>>>> NY
>>>>>>> 10458
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Phone:
>>>>>>> (718)
>>>>>>> 817-2243
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Fax:
>>>>>>> (718)
>>>>>>> 817-3817
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> email:
>>>>>>> pfeigenbaum@fordham.edu
>>>>>>> <mailto:pfeigenbaum@fordham.edu>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> --
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Peter
>>>>>>> Feigenbaum,
>>>>>>> Ph.D.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Director,
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Office
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> Institutional
>>>>>>> Research
>>>>>>> <https://www.fordham.edu/info/24303/institutional_research>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Fordham
>>>>>>> University
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Thebaud
>>>>>>> Hall-202
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Bronx,
>>>>>>> NY 10458
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Phone:
>>>>>>> (718)
>>>>>>> 817-2243
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Fax:
>>>>>>> (718)
>>>>>>> 817-3817
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> email:
>>>>>>> pfeigenbaum@fordham.edu
>>>>>>> <mailto:pfeigenbaum@fordham.edu>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> This communication
>>>>>>> is intended for the
>>>>>>> addressee only. It
>>>>>>> is confidential. If
>>>>>>> you have received
>>>>>>> this communication
>>>>>>> in error, please
>>>>>>> notify us
>>>>>>> immediately and
>>>>>>> destroy the original
>>>>>>> message. You may not
>>>>>>> copy or disseminate
>>>>>>> this communication
>>>>>>> without the
>>>>>>> permission of the
>>>>>>> University. Only
>>>>>>> authorised
>>>>>>> signatories are
>>>>>>> competent to enter
>>>>>>> into agreements on
>>>>>>> behalf of the
>>>>>>> University and
>>>>>>> recipients are thus
>>>>>>> advised that the
>>>>>>> content of this
>>>>>>> message may not be
>>>>>>> legally binding on
>>>>>>> the University and
>>>>>>> may contain the
>>>>>>> personal views and
>>>>>>> opinions of the
>>>>>>> author, which are
>>>>>>> not necessarily the
>>>>>>> views and opinions
>>>>>>> of The University of
>>>>>>> the Witwatersrand,
>>>>>>> Johannesburg. All
>>>>>>> agreements between
>>>>>>> the University and
>>>>>>> outsiders are
>>>>>>> subject to South
>>>>>>> African Law unless
>>>>>>> the University
>>>>>>> agrees in writing to
>>>>>>> the contrary.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> <Mandarin Ducks.jpg>
>>>>
>>>
>>
>
>
>
> --
> Gregory A. Thompson, Ph.D.
> Assistant Professor
> Department of Anthropology
> 880 Spencer W. Kimball Tower
> Brigham Young University
> Provo, UT 84602
> WEBSITE: greg.a.thompson.byu.edu
> <http://greg.a.thompson.byu.edu>
> http://byu.academia.edu/GregoryThompson
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